Increased concentrations of lipoprotein(a), circadian rhythms and metabolic reactions evoked by acute myocardial infarction, associated with acute reactions in relation to large breakfasts

Functional Food Security and the Heart

“…There is also a deficiency in the serum levels of vitamin A, E, and C and magnesium, potassium, melatonin, and IL-10 (an anti-inflammatory agent). In our study, we found a decrease in magnesium, potassium, vitamin A, E, C and beta carotene combined with an increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), MDA and diene conjugates, TNF-alpha and IL-6, all of which are indicators of oxidative damage and proinflammatory activity, respectively [29,30] . The relationship between dietary patterns and risk of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) was examined in a standardized casecontrol study INTERHEART, involving participants from 52 countries [31] .…”

“…Previous validation studies found that 2 major patterns (the prudent and Western patterns) identified through principle-component analysis of food consumption data assessed by food frequency questionnaires were reproducible over time and correlated reasonably well with the patterns identified from diet records. The consistent association observed between the Western or unhealthy dietary pattern (high in animal products, salty snacks, refined starches and sugar and fried foods and low in fruits and vegetables) and ACS risk in different regions of the world from the INTERHEART study and other studies [28][29][30][31] provides reliable evidence of the adverse effects of globalization on human nutrition and chronic disease risk, but the evidence is indirect because these studies did not specifically assess the impact of global trade and marketing on food consumption patterns, and their effects on inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, across different countries [28][29][30][31] . Despite this weakness, most recent studies suggest that the current trend of dietary convergence toward a typical Western diet is likely to play a role in the globalization of risk factors of CVDs including myocardial infarction [28][29][30][31] .…”

“…Large breakfasts were a predisposing factor for cardiac events in the second quarter of the day and it was significantly associated with metabolic reactions. The findings indicate that acute reactions as a result or as circadian rhythms appear to be important in the pathogenesis of AMIassociated complications and that a large breakfast in association with nitrite deficiency may further trigger the circadian rhythms [29] . In another case-control study involving 202 patients with AMI, there was a significant (p < 0.02) increase in cardiac events in the second quarter of the day compared to other quarters, respectively (16.8%, 41.0%, 13.8%, 28.2% per quarter) which was mostly after a heavy breakfast or dinner [30] .…”

Potential Chonobiological Triggering Factors of Acute Heart Attack

“…Apart from these mechanisms, there are seasonal variations in the functioning of the endogenous clock, which may have a role in metabolic responses to seasonal availability of food and the development of obesity, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), stroke and possibly metabolic syndrome in the winters, which may be *Address correspondence to this author at the Halberg Hospital and Research Institute, Civil Lines, Moradabad-10(UP) 244001, India; Tel/Fax: 0091 591 2417437; E-mails: icn2005@sancharnet.in, drkk@dataone.in, rbs@tsimtsoum.net due to short term adaptation aimed at keeping the organism alive when food was not available during winters in the ancient time [2][3][4][5][6][7]. The exact mechanism and the immediate triggers of ACS and stroke are not known [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Clinical manifestations of these attacks also do not occur at random clock times, but according to a time structure [1][2][3][4][5][6][7].…”

“…The exact mechanism and the immediate triggers of ACS and stroke are not known [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. Clinical manifestations of these attacks also do not occur at random clock times, but according to a time structure [1][2][3][4][5][6][7].…”