Increased burden of respiratory viral associated severe lower respiratory tract infections in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus type-1

Epidemiology of Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants

“…This is likely because of the proportionately greater contribution of opportunistic pathogens such as Pneumocystis jirovecii and Mycobacterium tuberculosis to LRTI in HIV-infected infants, as has been described previously. 3,30,31 We collected results of clinician testing for tuberculosis and clinician initiation of tuberculosis treatment and evaluated this in multivariate models; however, laboratory confirmation of tuberculosis in young infants may be difficult because disease is often paucibacilliary. 32 We found a 1.4 times increased incidence of LRTI hospitalization in HEU compared with HUU infants, which was similar to the 1-to 2-fold increased risk of all-cause and LRTI hospitalization in HEU compared with HUU infants reported by others.…”

Chronic lung disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected children

“…Although respiratory viruses are identified less frequently in HIVinfected children hospitalized for pneumonia (approximately 15%) compared to HIV negative children (45%), the absolute burden of hospitalization for viral associated pneumonia is two-to eight-fold greater in HIV-infected children. 56 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) can cause primary pneumonitis or severe, disseminated disease in HIV-infected children. 7 Co-infection with CMVand HIV results in more rapid progression of HIV disease.…”

Deaths Associated with Respiratory Syncytial and Influenza Viruses among Persons ≥5 Years of Age in HIV-Prevalent Area, South Africa, 1998–20091

“…Available data suggest that the severity of influenza and RSV illness is higher among HIV-positive persons (5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). During 2009 in South Africa, ≈5.1 million HIV-positive persons >5 years of age were reported (12).…”