Aims/hypothesis The bone-related peptide osteoprotegerin is produced by vascular cells and is involved in the process of vascular calcification. The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive value of plasma levels of osteoprotegerin in relation to mortality, cardiovascular events and deterioration in kidney function in patients with type 1 diabetes. Methods This prospective observational follow-up study included 397 type 1 diabetic patients with overt diabetic nephropathy (243 men; age [mean±SD] 42.1±10.6 years, duration of diabetes 28.3±9.9 years, GFR 67±28 ml min −1 1.73 m 2 ) and a group of 176 patients with longstanding type 1 diabetes and persistent normoalbuminuria (105 men; age 42.6±9.7 years, duration of diabetes 27.6±8.3 years).Results The median (range) follow-up period was 11.3 (0.0-12.9) years. Among patients with diabetic nephropathy, individuals with high osteoprotegerin levels (fourth quartile) had significantly higher all-cause mortality than patients with low levels (first quartile) (covariate-adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 3