Increased Anti-Inflammatory Effects on LPS-Induced Microglia Cells by Spirulina maxima Extract from Ultrasonic Process

Abstract

The Spirulina maxima exact from a non-thermal ultrasonic process (UE) contains 17.5 mg/g of total chlorophyll, compared to 6.24 mg/g of chlorophyll derived from the conventional 70% ethanol extraction at 80 °C for 12 h (EE). The UE also showed relatively low cytotoxicity against murine microglial cells (BV-2) and inhibited the production of the inflammatory mediators, NO and PGE2. The UE also effectively suppresses both mRNA expression and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, in a concentration-dependent manner. Notably, TNF-α gene and protein production were most strongly down-regulated, while IL-6 was the least affected by all ranges of treatment concentrations. This work first demonstrated a quantitative correlation between mRNA expression and the production of cytokines, showing that suppression of TNF-α gene expression was most significantly correlated with its secretion. These results clearly proved that the anti-inflammatory effects of Spirulina extract from a nonthermal ultrasonic process, which yielded high concentrations of intact forms of chlorophylls, were increased two-fold compared to those of conventional extracts processed at high temperature.

Derivatives of Natural Chlorophylls as Agents for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy

“…The authors investigated Cu, Ni, Mg and Zn metal complexes, as well as pyro pheophorbide in the form of a free base (Figure 2). Earlier, it was shown that these metals play an important role in the activation of cells of the immune system, and consequently in the generation of an immune response to stimulating signals [70][71][72]. This stimulating signal can be tumor cells or infectious agents such as bacteria and viruses.…”

Microalgal Lipid Extracts Have Potential to Modulate the Inflammatory Response: A Critical Review

“…Their inhibition results in the attenuation of the inflammatory response, posing a decisive step towards inflammation resolution. The assessment of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels in cell lines (Raw264.7 and THP-1 macrophages) reported for lipid extracts from Nitzschia palea , Chlorella vulgaris , Tetraselmis suecica , Micractinium sp., Aurantiochytrium mangrovei , Phaeodactylum tricornutum , Chloromona reticulata, and Spirulina maxima showed the capacity to downregulate their production [ 20 , 60 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 71 ]. When compared to the use of crude extracts to evaluate the downregulatory effect of microalgae lipids on pro-inflammatory cytokines, the studies using isolated lipid classes and species are reduced.…”

Special Issue: Eco-Novel Food and Feed

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