Increased Adipogenic and Decreased Chondrogenic Differentiation of Adipose Derived Stem Cells on Nanowire Surfaces

Abstract

Despite many advances in tissue engineering, there are still significant challenges associated with restructuring, repairing, or replacing damaged tissue in the body. Currently, a major obstacle has been trying to develop a scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering that provides the correct mechanical properties to endure the loads associated with articular joints as well as promote cell-scaffold interactions to aid in extracellular matrix deposition. In addition, adipogenic tissue engineering is widely growing due to an increased need for more innovative reconstructive therapies following adipose tissue traumas and cosmetic surgeries. Recently, lipoaspirate tissue has been identified as a viable alternative source for mesenchymal stem cells because it contains a supportive stroma that can easily be isolated. Adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) can differentiate into a variety of mesodermal lineages including the adipogenic and chondrogenic phenotypes. Biodegradable polymeric scaffolds have been shown to be a promising alternative and stem cells have been widely used to evaluate the compatibility, viability, and bioactivity of these materials. Polycaprolactone is a bioresorbable polymer, which has been widely used for biomedical and tissue engineering applications. The fundamental concept behind successful synthetic tissue-engineered scaffolds is to promote progenitor cell migration, adhesion, proliferation, and induce differentiation, extracellular matrix synthesis, and finally integration with host tissue. In this study, we investigated the adhesion, proliferation, and chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation of ADSCs on nanowire surfaces. A solvent-free gravimetric template technique was used to fabricate polycaprolactone nanowires surfaces. The results indicated that during the growth period i.e., initial 7 days of culture, the nanowire surfaces (NW) supported adhesion and proliferation of the cells that had elongated morphologies. However, cell on surfaces without nanowires had non-elongated morphologies. Further, immunofluorescence imaging of marker proteins showed that the nanowires surfaces did not appear to support chondrogenic differentiation whereas supported adipogenic differentiation of ADSCs.

Cytotoxic effects of nickel nanowires in human fibroblasts

“…Recent studies have elucidated the potential application of silicon NWs and polycaprolactone NW surfaces in tissue engineering and bone regeneration by showing their capability to support adhesion and proliferation of cells with elongated morphologies [24] , [37] . Other studies [10] have demonstrated the advantages of NWs in magnetic biosensing, where biomolecules of interest are labeled for their detection and identification.…”

Plasma Functionalization of Polycaprolactone Nanofibers Changes Protein Interactions with Cells, Resulting in Increased Cell Viability

“…To examine the plasma treatment effect on the interactions between PCL NFs and cells, cell adhesion and proliferation studies were conducted. Prior to cell seeding, untreated and plasmamodified PCL NFs were sterilized by exposure to UV light for 30 min[55][56] . Afterwards, human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells were seeded onto different PCL samples in a 24-well plate at a density of 40,000 cells/100 µl of medium per sample.…”

Opportunities and challenges in three-dimensional brown adipogenesis of stem cells

“…One method to address this issue is micropatterning. This technique has been done using biocompatible polymers such as PCL, that has been modified with nanowires in order to improve mechanical properties and serve as a pattern for proliferation and maintenance of ASCs (Trujillo and Popat, 2014). Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) has also been micropatterned onto polystyrene plates to facilitate the adipogenesis of MSCs and to test the effect of cell density in this system (Lu et al, 2009).…”