Increased activation of the anterior cingulate cortex during processing of disgust faces in individuals with social phobia

Amir, Nader; Klumpp, Heide; Elias, Jason A.; Bedwell, Jeffrey S.; Yanasak, N. E.; Miller, L. Stephen

doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.044

Cited by 196 publications

(147 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Second, we examined whether medication status was a confounder. Most studies reported this information, and in only one (44) were some subjects taking medication at the time of the study. Thus, current medication status did not confound our findings.…”

Section: Potential Confounds For Between-disorder Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Neuroimaging of Anxiety: A Meta-Analysis of Emotional Processing in PTSD, Social Anxiety Disorder, and Specific Phobia

Etkin¹,

Wager²

2007

AJP

2,769

172

2,304

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Objective-The study of human anxiety disorders has benefited greatly from functional neuroimaging approaches. Individual studies, however, vary greatly in their findings. The authors searched for common and disorder-specific functional neurobiological deficits in several anxiety disorders. The authors also compared these deficits to the neural systems engaged during anticipatory anxiety in healthy subjects.Method-Functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), social anxiety disorder, specific phobia, and fear conditioning in healthy individuals were compared by quantitative meta-analysis. Included studies compared negative emotional processing to baseline, neutral, or positive emotion conditions.Results-Patients with any of the three disorders consistently showed greater activity than matched comparison subjects in the amygdala and insula, structures linked to negative emotional responses. A similar pattern was observed during fear conditioning in healthy subjects. Hyperactivation in the amygdala and insula were, of interest, more frequently observed in social anxiety disorder and specific phobia than in PTSD. By contrast, only patients with PTSD showed hypoactivation in the dorsal and rostral anterior cingulate cortices and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex-structures linked to the experience and regulation of emotion.Conclusions-This meta-analysis allowed us to synthesize often disparate findings from individual studies and thereby provide neuroimaging evidence for common brain mechanisms in anxiety disorders and normal fear. Effects unique to PTSD furthermore suggested a mechanism for the emotional dysregulation symptoms in PTSD that extend beyond an exaggerated fear response. Therefore, these findings help refine our understanding of anxiety disorders and their interrelationships.Fear and avoidance of trigger cues are common to many anxiety disorders (1) and resemble the arousal and avoidance responses shown by normal subjects to conditioned fear cues (2). Thus, a common element of anxiety disorders may be an abnormally elevated fear response. Based on animal models of fear learning (3, 4), this hypothesis leads to the prediction that amygdalar dysfunction is common to a variety of anxiety disorders. Indeed, amygdalar hyperactivity has been observed during symptom provocation or negative emotional processing in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (5-8), social anxiety disorder (9-14), specific phobia (15-18), panic disorder (19), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (19,20). However, because of the low statistical power of individual studies Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Etkin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA 94305; amitetkin@stanford.edu. All authors report no competing interests. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptAm J Psychiatry. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 April 4. NIH-PA Author Manuscr...

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Section: Potential Confounds For Between-disorder Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Neuroimaging of Anxiety: A Meta-Analysis of Emotional Processing in PTSD, Social Anxiety Disorder, and Specific Phobia

Etkin¹,

Wager²

2007

AJP

2,769

172

2,304

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Disgust instead of angry faces were used because current research points to a greater threat perception for disgust faces (e.g., Amir et al, 2005). Moreover, a previous study testing effects of tDCS over left DLPFC have demonstrated improvements in the attentional detection of both happy and disgust faces (Nitsche et al, 2012).…”

Section: Attentional Engagement-disengagement Taskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of tDCS over the right DLPFC on attentional disengagement from positive and negative faces: An eye-tracking study

Sánchez

Vanderhasselt

Baeken

et al. 2016

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

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The aim of this study was to increase insight in the neural substrates of attention processes involved in emotion regulation. The effects of right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (i.e., DLPFC) stimulation on attentional processing of emotional information were evaluated. A novel attention task allowing a straightforward measurement of attentional engagement toward, and attentional disengagement away from emotional faces was used. A sample of healthy participants received 20 minutes of active and sham anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (i.e., tDCS) applied over the right DLPFC on 2 separate days and completed the attention task after receiving real or sham stimulation. Compared to sham stimulation, tDCS over the right DLPFC led to impairments in attentional disengagement from both positive and negative faces. Findings demonstrate a causal role of right DLPFC activity in the generation of attentional impairments that are implicated in emotional disturbances such as depression and anxiety.

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“…We focused on the emotion of disgust, as current research points out a great perception of social threat for disgust faces (e.g., Amir et al, 2005). Furthermore, recent findings indicate a depression-related bias in attention processing of disgusted over happy faces during the confrontation of social interactions (Sanchez et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of emotions in mixed disgusted-happy faces as a function of depressive symptom severity

Sánchez

Romero

Maurage

et al. 2017

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

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Increased activation of the anterior cingulate cortex during processing of disgust faces in individuals with social phobia

Cited by 196 publications

References 25 publications

Functional Neuroimaging of Anxiety: A Meta-Analysis of Emotional Processing in PTSD, Social Anxiety Disorder, and Specific Phobia

Functional Neuroimaging of Anxiety: A Meta-Analysis of Emotional Processing in PTSD, Social Anxiety Disorder, and Specific Phobia

Effects of tDCS over the right DLPFC on attentional disengagement from positive and negative faces: An eye-tracking study

Identification of emotions in mixed disgusted-happy faces as a function of depressive symptom severity

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