Increase in the CO 2 exchange rate of leaves of Ilex rotunda with elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentration in an urban canyon

Takagi, Masahiro; Gyokusen, Koichiro; Saito, Akira

doi:10.1007/s004840050078

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Repeated in summer, this experiment showed that high CO 2 concentration in the central core of Phoenix is a year-round phenomenon, although it is less intense in summer (Idso, Idso, and Balling 2001). Research in Nottingham, England, Vancouver, Canada, St. Louis, Missouri, New Orleans, Louisiana, Cincinnati, Ohio, and Fukuoka City, Japan confirms the existence of urban-rural differences in CO 2 levels, although those found in these studies were not as large as those found in Phoenix (Clarke and Faoro 1966;Colls 1990a, 1990b;Reid and Steyn 1997;Bakwin et al 1998;Takagi, Gyokusen, and Saito 1998).…”

supporting

confidence: 56%

“…Clarke and Faoro (1966) reported diurnal CO 2 variations of 90 ppmv in Cincinnati, Ohio measured at 1 meter above the ground. In Fukuoka City, Japan, Takagi, Gyokusen, and Saito (1998) found CO 2 levels to be 30 ppmv higher in an urban canyon than in surrounding suburbs when measured at 2.5 m above ground. In an effort to assess timeof-day, seasonality, and height-of-measurement issues, Bakwin et al (1998) measured CO 2 mixing ratios on several large rural-based towers (measured at 610 m) in North Carolina and Wisconsin and found a strong diurnal pattern related to biological processes and the dynamics of the boundary layer.…”

Section: Urban Comentioning

confidence: 93%

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Spatial Patterns and Determinants of Winter Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in an Urban Environment

Wentz

Gober

Balling

et al. 2002

Annals of the Association of American Geographers

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The purpose of this article is to describe determinants and spatial patterns of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in Phoenix, Arizona. Specifically, we use geographic information systems (GIS) and regression-based analyses to identify the human and biological factors that contribute to spatial and temporal variations in near-surface (2-meter height) atmospheric CO 2 levels. We use these factors to create estimated surfaces of CO 2 concentrations for the area. We evaluate the surfaces using records of CO 2 from independent monitoring stations and transects. To investigate the temporal patterns and variations in CO 2 concentrations, we estimate CO 2 surfaces for the early mornings and the afternoons, on weekdays when traffic is heavy and spatially focused and on weekends when it is lighter and more spatially dispersed. Findings suggest there is a distinct relationship between the structure of Phoenix CO 2 levels and spatial patterns of human activities and vegetation densities. Morning CO 2 levels are higher than afternoon levels and correspond closely to the density of traffic, population, and employment. The spatial structure of human activity explains the pattern of CO 2 better on weekdays than on weekends. CO 2 surfaces reflect declining densities of human activity with distance from the city center, the pattern of irrigated agriculture in the Phoenix area, and riparian habitats on the urban fringe. Spatial and temporal patterns of CO 2 concentrations are useful in understanding urban climate and ecosystem processes. Key Words: carbon dioxide, geographic information systems (GIS), regression-based mapping, urban climatology.nterest in interactions among carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), human activity, climate change, and ecosystem processes has been largely at global, hemispheric, and regional scales. To aid in understanding global changes to CO 2 , FLUXNET (along with EuroFlux, AmeriFlux, and MedeFlu) was devised as a world-wide coordinated initiative to disseminate data for long-term monitoring of CO 2 (FLUXNET 2001). Climatologists have examined how human-induced increases in atmospheric CO 2 levels affect climatic patterns , while biologists have concentrated on the impact of higher CO 2 levels on ecosystems and the "missing sink" problem-why atmospheric CO 2 concentrations are less than expected on the basis of estimated rates of anthropogenic emissions and simulated oceanic and terrestrial carbon uptake levels (Lloyd 1999). Scientists have paid less attention to urban-scale CO 2 processes, despite the fact that increases in atmospheric CO 2 are largely anthropogenic in origin and therefore heavily concentrated in urban areas.Recently, enhanced CO 2 levels in and around urban regions have been documented. Idso and colleagues found near-surface (2 meters) concentrations of CO 2 in January in Phoenix, Arizona in the near-dawn hours as high as 555 parts per million by volume (ppmv). This is 185 ppmv higher than the background readings of 370 ppmv in surrounding open desert and agricultural fields. Urban-rural differ...

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supporting

confidence: 56%

Section: Urban Comentioning

confidence: 93%

Spatial Patterns and Determinants of Winter Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in an Urban Environment

Wentz

Gober

Balling

et al. 2002

Annals of the Association of American Geographers

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“…Among these factors, CO2 concentration, air temperature and humidity might not be the same in the urban district and the control nursery. However, Takagi et al (1998) found that, in spite of having a higher CO2 concentration, the urban district caused reduced in situ photosynthetic rates in mature planted I. rotunda compared to the control nursery site due to lower air humidity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Decrease in the photosynthetic rate of leaves of Ilex rotunda seedlings exposed to urban atmospheric condition

Takagi¹,

Gyokusen²

2001

Journal of JSRT

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In order to quantify the sole effect of urban atmospheric condition on revegetation trees, we exposed potted I. rotunda seedlings in the central district of Fukuoka City, where air pollutant concentration was high and heat island effect was observed, and in a suburban nursery as control. The seedlings of both sites were subjected to identical sunlight and soil conditions. After 10-week exposure, we observed a significant reduction of the photosynthetic rate of leaves, but not of growth. The reduction of photosynthetic rate would be caused by highly concentrated air pollutant as well as heat island effect. The reduction was due to the reduced carboxylation efficiency and was moderated by the soil of higher nitrogen content.

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“…Elevated CO 2 concentrations can increase NPP (Friedlingstein et al 1995). Urban CO 2 concentrations can be approximately 30% higher than rural CO 2 concentrations (Idso et al 2001), and even during the summer -when photosynthesis is maximized -urban CO 2 concentrations can exceed 450 ppm (Aikawa et al 1995, Takagi et al 1998, Gratani & Varone 2005. Soil-nitrogen levels can limit CO 2 fertilization of vegetation (Oren et al 2001), but soil nitrogen levels in urban areas may be sufficiently high to prevent this limitation from occurring.…”

Section: Potential Impacts Of Urbanization On Nepmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Multiple studies have examined either atmospheric CO 2 concentrations or CO 2 fluxes (e.g. Aikawa et al 1995, Takagi et al 1998, Idso et al 2001, Takahashi et al 2001, Grimmond et al 2002, Nemitz et al 2002, Kuc et al 2003, Pataki et al 2003, Moriwaki & Kanda 2004, Gratani & Varone 2005 in urban areas. In addition, at least 2 studies (Milesi et al 2003, Imhoff et al 2004) have estimated the impacts of urbanization on NPP.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of urbanization on land-atmosphere carbon exchange within a metropolitan area in the USA

Diem¹,

Ricketts²,

Dean³

2006

Clim. Res.

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Urbanization can cause changes in carbon fluxes, which, in turn, impacts atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentrations and possibly global surface temperatures. Using the Atlanta, Georgia, region as a case study, this paper explores the impact of urban expansion from 1973 to 2002 on land -atmosphere carbon exchange. The major objectives were to estimate net ecosystem production (NEP) values for multiple land-cover classes and to link urbanization-induced changes in land-cover to changes in NEP and overall carbon fluxes. The principal data were daily climatic data, year-specific land-cover data, annual net ecosystem exchange (NEE) values, and annual anthropogenic carbon emissions estimates. The principal methods were testing for climatic trends, determining the composition of the land-cover classes, estimating annual NEP values for the land-cover classes, and estimating the overall carbon exchange. The major findings: (1) there were no significant trends for any of the climatic variables; (2) the region was only ~16% urbanized in 1973; however, by 2002, the region was ~38% urbanized; (3) the NEP in 1978-1980 of 443 g C m -2 yr -1 may have continued until 1996-1998, despite the substantial loss of forest land; and (4) net carbon emissions increased from ~150 g in [1978][1979][1980] to ~940 g C m -2 yr -1 in 1996-1998. Therefore, urban expansion greatly increased the carbon emissions of the Atlanta region; however, it is possible that, through increasing the growing-season length as well as increasing nitrogen and CO 2 fertilization, urban expansion may not decrease the region-wide NEP.KEY WORDS: Net ecosystem production · NEP · Net ecosystem exchange · NEE · Urban emissions · Carbon · Carbon dioxide · CO 2 Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherClim Res 30: [201][202][203][204][205][206][207][208][209][210][211][212][213] 2006 concentrations is through changes in net ecosystem production (NEP). NEP can be defined as follows: NEP = GPP -(R a + R h )where GPP is gross primary production, R a is autotrophic respiration (i.e. respiration by vegetation) and R h is heterotrophic respiration (e.g. soil microbial respiration). NEP is measured using biometric methods (i.e. ecological-inventory technique; Barford et al. 2001, Curtis et al. 2002. NEP is similar to net primary production (NPP), with the major disparity being that R h is not used in the calculation of NPP (i.e. NPP = GPP -R a ). NEP is equivalent to net ecosystem exchange (NEE), with NEE having a negative value if NEP has a positive value. NEE is measured using the eddy-covariance method, which employs towermounted instruments to measure trace gas flux densities between the biosphere and the atmosphere (Baldocchi et al. 1996). The longitudinal dimensions of flux footprints for eddy-covariance towers range from 100 m to several km (Schmid 1994), thus flux values are applicable only at the local scale. Potential impacts of urbanization on NEPThere are multiple ways that urbanization can decrease NEP. The pr...

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Increase in the CO 2 exchange rate of leaves of Ilex rotunda with elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentration in an urban canyon

Cited by 6 publications

References 20 publications

Spatial Patterns and Determinants of Winter Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in an Urban Environment

Spatial Patterns and Determinants of Winter Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in an Urban Environment

Decrease in the photosynthetic rate of leaves of Ilex rotunda seedlings exposed to urban atmospheric condition

Impacts of urbanization on land-atmosphere carbon exchange within a metropolitan area in the USA

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