Increase in Specific Bactericidal Antibodies after Administration of Endotoxin

Jg, Michael; Jl, Whitby; Landy, Maurice

doi:10.1038/191296a0

Cited by 39 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…However, the alternative possibility remains to be explored that the humoral factors are highly specific but appear to cross-react because one endotoxin stimulates the production of inhibitors directed at heterologous endotoxins. Such a situation would parallel the general elevation of specific antibody titers following injection of any one endotoxin (30).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Endotoxin Tolerance

Greisman

Carozza

Hills

1963

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

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Following the demonstration by Beeson that induced tolerance to the pyrogenic activity of bacterial endotoxins could be reversed by reticuloendothelial system (RES) "blockade" (1), evidence has accumulated suggesting that accderated phagocytosis of endotoxin by the RES represents the major mechanism of tolerance.Tolerant animals dear endotoxin more rapidly from the circulation as detected by bioassay of plasma samples (1-3) and by disappearance of lethal doses of radioactively tagged endotoxin (4); the latter studies also demonstrate increased hepatic localization. In the tolerant animal, RES phagocytic activity for colloids is increased (5), weight and histologic appearance indicate 1LES hypertrophy (5), and treatment with a variety of agents which blockade the RES abolishes tolerance (7). Tolerance cannot be correlated with specific antibody titer (8, 9) and can be induced readily in subjects with agammaglobulinemia (10). Serum from tolerant donors confers no detectable (8) or minimal (11) tolerance; moreover, after loss of tolerance following ILES blockade, the in vitro effect of serum on endotoxin pyrogenicity remains unaltered (12).Recently, Freedman reported the successful passive transfer of significant endotoxin tolerance in rabbits employing specific endotoxin dose schedules for inducing tolerance in donor animals (13). Although these data indicate unequivocally the participation of humoral factors in endotoxin tolerance, the importance of such factors and the mechanism by which they operate remain speculative. Freedman suggested that the humoral factors act in rabbits and mice by enhancing RES phagocytic capacity; i.e., transfer of tolerance was correlated with increased ability of the recipient animal to clear colloidal carbon, and hence presumably endotoxin, from the blood (14). In contrast, studies in man indicate that tolerance to the pyrogenic *

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Endotoxin Tolerance

Greisman

Carozza

Hills

1963

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

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“…Administration of endotoxin to mice is followed by a sudden increase in the bactericidal activity of the animal's serum. The increase in serum activity is chiefly due to a rise in titer of specific antibodies in the circulation (1). I n experiments reported here we attempted to determine whether this increase in bactericidal antibodies is the result of a release of preformed globulins from antibody-forming cells or whether endotoxin stimulates antigen-sensitive cells to rapid production of antibodies.…”

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confidence: 97%

The Release of Specific Bactericidal Antibodies by Endotoxin

Jg¹

1966

The Journal of Experimental Medicine

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Studies presented in this report are concerned with the effect of endotoxin upon the release of bactericidal antibodies as determined by the agar plaque technique. We found that shortly after the injection of mice with small amounts of endotoxin the number of plaque-forming cells in the spleen was substantially reduced and remained low for about 12 hr. At the same time the titer of specific bactericidal antibodies in the circulation was increased, 6-mercaptopurine was shown to be an effective suppressor of the immune response by inhibiting the multiplication of bactericidin-forming cells. However, administration of this drug did not modify the initial responses of antibodies and plaque-forming cells to endotoxin. Thus, we postulate that endotoxin does not induce destruction and subsequent reconstitution of bactericidin-forming cells, but that the observed changes represent a release of preformed antibodies from competent cells. For a limited time, thereafter, these cells become inactive, but soon resume their normal function of releasing bactericidal antibodies.

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“…It is well known that K antigens of some pathogenic bacteria play a role as virulence factors (13,15,18). The significance of K antigen of V. vulnificus as a virulence factor has been suggested by Amako et al (1), Yoshida et al (25), and Kreger et al (9).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, a trace amount of the antibody may exist in the normal human sera, because V. vulnificus is a normal habitant in estuarine or coastal areas and people in Japan eat seafoods very often. The amount of antibody required for complement activation in the classical pathway is extremely small (15,19,23). Taylor and Kroll (22) reported rapid killing of bacteria by antibody-dependent classical pathway in huma serum obtained from healthy donors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibitory Effect of Capsular Antigen of Vibrio vulnificus on Bactericidal Activity of Human Serum

Shinoda

Kobayashi

Yamada

et al. 1987

Microbiology and Immunology

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Opaque (Op) and translucent (Tr) colonial variants were isolated from Vibrio vulnificus strains. Op-type variants were more resistant than the isogenic Tr-type variants, but the survival rate of the Op-type variants varied with the strains. Antisera were prepared by immunizing rabbit with whole cells of Op and Tr variants of some strains, in which the difference of the sensitivity between Op and Tr cells was remarkable.Then agglutination tests with their living and heat-killed cells were carried out. The results suggested the presence of capsular antigen in Op cells and its absence in Tr cells, with the exception of the existence of a slight amount of capsular material in Tr variants of strain L-180.The thin capsular layer of Tr cells of strain L-180 was also demonstrated electron microscopically, but the layer was thinner than that of the isogenic Op cells. Results of determination of sugar content in the extracted capsular fraction also showed that Op to Tr transformation was due to loss of capsular antigen of the cells. These results confirmed the morphological studies previously reported which suggested the prevention of host defense system by the capsular material of the vibrio.Vibrio vulnificus, a slightly halophilic marine bacterium, has been recently recognized as a pathogen causing wound infection or septicemia (5,6,14). It has been noted that almost all the patients with septicemia have underlying diseases, such as hepatitis, alcoholism, or diabetes (3). The decrease of phagocytosis accompanying dyshepatia might therefore promote survival of the vibrio in the blood stream. Association of virulence of the organism with resistance to phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes has been reported (8). Vibrio vulnificus isolates from blood are more resistant to serum bactericidal activity and phagocytosis than isolates from other sources (4, 7) ; V. vulnificus is a weak activator of complement and resists phagocytosis to a greater degree than other vibrios, such as V. cholerae or V. parahaemolyticus (20,21). Amako et al (1) and Yoshida et al (25) showed the existence of capsule-like material in opaque-colony-forming cells of V. vulnificus by electron microscopy and suggested the relationship between the capsule-like material and the virulence of the bacterium. Kreger et al (9) also reported that acidic poly-393

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Increase in Specific Bactericidal Antibodies after Administration of Endotoxin

Cited by 39 publications

References 7 publications

Mechanisms of Endotoxin Tolerance

Mechanisms of Endotoxin Tolerance

The Release of Specific Bactericidal Antibodies by Endotoxin

Inhibitory Effect of Capsular Antigen of Vibrio vulnificus on Bactericidal Activity of Human Serum

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