Increase inNeisseria meningitidisSerogroup W135, Niger, 2010

Treatment of bacterial meningitis: an update

“…After the introduction of meningococcal C conjugate vaccines into the routine immunization programs, serogroup C disease has declined dramatically in several countries in Europe and New Zealand. Serogroup W135 was predominant, especially in meningitis belt in 2010 and 2011, where the epidemic W135 strains belonged to clonal complex ST-11 [19], and this serogroup was the main cause of invasive meningococcal disease in South Africa [20]. In recent years, an increase in serogroup Y disease has been reported, particularly in the Nordic countries.…”

“…For example, pathogens likely to be responsible for neonatal meningitis include group B Streptococcus, E. coli and L. monocytogenes, while N. meningitidis and S. pneumoniae due to non-PCV13 serotypes are likely to be pathogens for infants and children who have received the immunizations against Hib and PCV13. [12,13] Europe Major serogroup until 1980, decreased to 4% in 2010 [12] Asia Major serogroup during past 50 years Outbreak in India in 2005, 2006, in Philippines in 2005 [13,14] Australia Outbreak in New Zealand in 1985, 1986 [13] B North America Major serogroup, 30~40% in 2011 [124] Latin America Major serogroup in Chile, Argentina, [125] Europe Major serogroup, 71% in 2010 --2011 [126] Australia Major serogroup in 2011 [127] C Latin America Major serogroup in Brazil [125] Europe 13% in 2010, 1011 [126] Asia Outbreak in Vietnam in 1977 --79 [14] Australia Major serogroup during past 20 years, 94% reduction in 2009 [127] W-135 Meningitis belt Outbreak in 2010, 2011, Major serogroup in 2011 (59.2%) [19] Other Africa Outbreak in 2003~2007, predominantly in Mozambique, South Africa [20] Latin America 11% in 2010 [125] Europe Outbreak in 2000, 2001 [126] Asia Outbreak in Malaysia, Saudi Arabia and Singapore in 2000, 2001 [13,14] X Meningitis belt Outbreak in 2009 --2010 in Kenya, Togo, Burkina Faso [12,13] Other Africa Outbreak in 2005 in Uganda [12,13] Y Meningitis belt Outbreak in 2007, 2008 [12,13] Other Africa Outbreak in Kenya and Uganda in 2005 [12,13] Europe Outbreak in 2010, increased to 38% in Sweden in 2010 [21,126] North America Outbreak in the US in 1990 [124] Latin America Outbreak in Columbia in 2003, in Venezuela in 2006 [125] Treatment of bacterial meningitis: an update Expert Opin. Pharmacother.…”

Invasive serogroup W Neisseria meningitidis (MenW) in Ontario, Canada shows potential clonal replacement during the period January 1, 2009 – June 30, 2016

“…This clone has since spread to sub-Saharan Africa (16) and South America (17,18). However, beginning in 2010, several countries have reported an increase in IMD due to ST-11 MenW (19)(20)(21)(22). Unusual clinical presentation of MenW IMD due to this clone has been reported and the possibility of endemic local transmission has also been suggested (23,24).…”

Serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccines in Africa

“…[77,[93][94][95]). While serogroup W disease and carriage isolates have been assigned both to ST-175 and ST-11 clonal complexes [81,88], only the ST-11 clone has been…”