Increase in antioxidant and anticancer effects of ginsenoside Re–lysine mixture by Maillard reaction

Self Cite

127

BackgroundResearch has been conducted with regard to the development of methods for improving the pharmaceutical effect of ginseng by conversion of ginsenosides, which are the major active components of ginseng, via high temperature or high-pressure processing.MethodsThe present study sought to investigate the anticancer effect of heat-processed American ginseng (HAG) in human gastric cancer AGS cells with a focus on assessing the role of apoptosis as an important mechanistic element in its anticancer actions.Results and ConclusionHAG significantly reduced the cancer cell proliferation, and the contents of ginsenosides Rb1 and Re were markedly decreased, whereas the peaks of less-polar ginsenosides [20(S,R)-Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5] were newly detected. Based on the activity-guided fractionation of HAG, ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 played a key role in inducing apoptosis in human gastric cancer AGS cells, and it was generated mainly from ginsenoside Rb1. Ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 induced apoptosis through activation of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9, as well as regulation of Bcl-2 and Bax expression. Taken together, these findings suggest that heat-processing serves as an increase in the antitumor activity of American ginseng in AGS cells, and ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3, the active component produced by heat-processing, induces the activation of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9, which contributes to the apoptotic cell death.

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stereospecific anticancer effects of ginsenoside Rg3 epimers isolated from heat-processed American ginseng on human gastric cancer cell

Park

Kim

Yamabe

et al. 2014

Self Cite

127

“…Many studies have been conducted to develop novel methods for enhancing the biological effects of ginseng by conversion of the saponins via high-temperature or high-pressure thermal processing [22], [36], [37]. FBG is prepared by repeated steaming and drying processes with fresh ginseng followed by fermentation with S. cerevisiae .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preventive effect of fermented black ginseng against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats

Jung

Eom

et al. 2017

Self Cite

BackgroundFermented black ginseng (FBG) is processed ginseng by the repeated heat treatment and fermentation of raw ginseng. The protective effect and mechanism of FBG on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity was investigated to evaluate its therapeutic potential.MethodsThe free radical scavenging activity of FBG was measured using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). In addition, the protective effect against cisplatin-induced renal damage was tested in rats. FBG was orally administered every day at a dose of 150 mg/kg body weight for 10 d, and a single dose of cisplatin was administered intraperitoneally (7.5 mg/kg body weight) with 0.9% saline on the 4th d.ResultsThe DPPH radical-scavenging activity of FBG (IC50 = 384 μg/mL) was stronger than that of raw ginseng. The improved DPPH radical-scavenging activity was mediated by the generation phenolic compounds. The decreased cell viability by cisplatin was recovered significantly after treatment with FBG in a dose-dependent manner. Then, the protective effect of FBG on cisplatin-induced oxidative renal damage was investigated in rats. The decreased creatinine clearance levels, which are a reliable marker for renal dysfunction in cisplatin-treated rats, were reduced to the normal level after the administration of FBG. Moreover, FBG showed protective effects against cisplatin-induced oxidative renal damage in rats through the inhibition of NF-κB/p65, COX-2, and caspase-3 activation.ConclusionThese results collectively show that the therapeutic evidence for FBG ameliorates the nephrotoxicity via regulating oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.

“…Next, correlation between antioxidant activity and ginsenoside Rg1 and phenolic content was analyzed. Ginsenosides are characteristic saponins of ginseng known to play an important role in ginseng pharmacological activity [30], [31], [32], [33]. Antioxidant mechanism of ginsenosides, including Rg1, is involved in diverse biological activity [32], [33], [34].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Korean Red Ginseng extraction conditions on antioxidant activity, extraction yield, and ginsenoside Rg1 and phenolic content: optimization using response surface methodology

Lee

Choi

et al. 2016

BackgroundExtraction conditions greatly affect composition, as well as biological activity. Therefore, optimization is essential for maximum efficacy.MethodsKorean Red Ginseng (KRG) was extracted under different conditions and antioxidant activity, extraction yield, and ginsenoside Rg1 and phenolic content evaluated. Optimized extraction conditions were suggested using response surface methodology for maximum antioxidant activity and extraction yield.ResultsAnalysis of KRG extraction conditions using response surface methodology showed a good fit of experimental data as demonstrated by regression analysis. Among extraction factors, such as extraction solvent and extraction time and temperature, ethanol concentration greatly affected antioxidant activity, extraction yield, and ginsenoside Rg1 and phenolic content. The optimal conditions for maximum antioxidant activity and extraction yield were an ethanol concentration of 48.8%, an extraction time 73.3 min, and an extraction temperature of 90°C. The antioxidant activity and extraction yield under optimal conditions were 43.7% and 23.2% of dried KRG, respectively.ConclusionEthanol concentration is an important extraction factor for KRG antioxidant activity and extraction yield. Optimized extraction conditions provide useful economic advantages in KRG development for functional products.