Incorporation of Plant Extracted Hydroxyapatite and Chitosan Nanoparticles on the Surface of Orthodontic Micro-Implants: An In-Vitro Antibacterial Study

Abstract

In our study, the structural and morphological applications of hydroxyapatite and chitosan nanoparticles and coated micro-implants were assessed for their ability to combat oral pathogenic bacteria. The hydroxyapatite, as well as chitosan nanoparticles, were synthesized from the Salvadora persica plant. The crystal morphology, phase composition, particle size, and surface functional groups of the nano-samples were analyzed via classical examinations and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The prepared nanoparticles have been examined for antibacterial activity against four common oral bacterial strains. The antimicrobial effect was also assessed by the Live/Dead BacLight technique in combination with confocal scanning laser microscopy. Titanium micro-implants were coated with regular hydroxyapatite (HAP) and chitosan nanoparticles, and the surface was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The analysis asserted elemental composition of the prepared nanoparticles and their textural features, metal crystallization, and functional bonds. The antibacterial activity of the nanoparticles was evaluated against oral pathogenic microorganisms by the disc diffusion method, minimum bacterial concentration (MBC), and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Chitosan nanoparticles showed (MICs) of 8 μg mL−1 for (Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis), and 16 μg mL−1 for Streptococcus sanguinis. HAP nanoparticles showed (MICs) of 16 μg/mL for E. faecalis, and S. sanguis, 8 μg/mL for S. salivarius and finally 4 μg/mL for S. mutans. HAP nanoparticles showed enhanced antibacterial activity and more obvious damage in the bacterial cell membrane than that of synthesized chitosan nanoparticles. The prepared nanoparticles could successfully coat titanium microplates to enhance their efficiency.

Bioresorbable Chitosan-Based Bone Regeneration Scaffold Using Various Bioceramics and the Alteration of Photoinitiator Concentration in an Extended UV Photocrosslinking Reaction

“…Chen et al (2006) and Kimoto et al (2011) previously validated the synthesised FAp through the presence of a fluorine peak in the EDX analysis compared to the absence of this peak in the HAp sample, thus showing the importance of fluorine in characterising FAp [ 113 , 114 ]. CS/HAp scaffolds presented a Ca/P ratio of 2.5149 ± 0.24, which is higher compared to the theoretical value for HAp alone and human bones of 1.66 and 2.2-1, respectively ( Figure 12 ) [ 58 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 , 120 , 121 , 122 ]. It is hypothesised that this higher than the expected Ca/P ratio was due to the presence of unreacted calcium chloride residues in HAp [ 5 , 123 ].…”

The Importance of Chitosan Coatings in Dentistry

“…The experiments performed on rabbits show that Mg-CD/CH coated Ti-6Al-4V helps in bone regeneration procedures and reduces the bone defects. This could open the door to future bone scaffolds in tissue engineering and gives prospects for the production of novel bone substitutes [80]. Although chitosan is a very important and promising coating, different types of coatings to help heal and osteointegrate are still needed and being researched.…”

Mercuric-sulphide based metallopharmaceutical formulation as an alternative therapeutic to combat viral and multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections

“…Polyherbomineral medicines also termed metallopharmaceuticals, constitutes complex composition of metals and minerals along with herbal ingredients, which possess effective antimicrobial activity due to their ability to target multiple sites such as genetic material, cellular membrane, and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated cellular pleiotropic effects. The nanoparticles composed of metals or metal oxides of silver, copper, gold, cupric oxide, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide were proven to be potential antibacterial agents by their effective interactions with pathogen membranes 15 , 16 . Metals have played a notable role in elucidating antimicrobial properties since ancient times till date.…”