Incorporation of Hydroxyapatite into Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) Formulated Based on Alumino-Silicate-Fluoride Glass Ceramics from Waste Materials

Abstract

Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is a well-known restorative material applied in dentistry. The present work aims to study the effect of hydroxyapatite (HA) addition into GIC based on physical, mechanical and structural properties. The utilization of waste materials namely clam shell (CS) and soda lime silica (SLS) glass as replacements for the respective CaO and SiO2 sources in the fabrication of alumino-silicate-fluoride (ASF) glass ceramics powder. GIC was formulated based on ASF glass ceramics, polyacrylic acid (PAA) and deionized water, while 1 wt.% of HA powder was added to enhance the properties of the cement samples. The cement samples were subjected to four different ageing times before being analyzed. In this study, the addition of HA caused an increment in density and compressive strength results along with ageing time. Besides, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) revealed the formation of fluorohydroxyapatite (FHA) phase in HA-added GIC samples and it was confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis which detected OH‒F vibration mode. In addition, needle-like and agglomeration of spherical shapes owned by apatite crystals were observed from Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). Based on Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, the detection of chemical elements in the cement samples were originated from chemical compounds used in the preparation of glass ceramics powder and also the polyacid utilized in initiating the reaction of GIC.

Biophysical and Fluoride Release Properties of a Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement Enriched with Bioactive Glasses

“…The release of fluoride by the GIC could have a preventive effect on the demineralisation of the enamel, and therefore, on the appearance of white spots around the brackets. GICs have optimal properties, which supports their use in clinical dentistry, such as excellent biocompatibility, they provide a direct bonding to tooth structure, and have the ability to release fluoride, which is important as an anticariogenic agent to prevent tooth decay [28]. The incorporation of a BAG into the ionomer, as is the case with ACTIVA [6], conditions the release not only of fluoride but also of other ions, such as calcium and phosphorus, thus preventing demineralisation [2].…”

Dental Luting Cements: An Updated Comprehensive Review

“…The retention of GIC was 65% higher than those of zinc phosphate cements [ 16 ]. It has good working properties and differs from zinc phosphate cements in its pronounced semi-opacity, which is good when it is used to restore the ceramic labial margin [ 46 , 52 , 53 , 54 ].…”

Clinical Performance of Glass Ionomer Cement in Load-Bearing Restorations: A Systematic Review

“…For example, GIC reinforced with 0.01 wt.% Ag-doped carbon nanotube fillers has been used as an alternative to conventional GIC dental fillings [ 24 ]. Hydroxyapatite improves the physical, mechanical, and structural properties of GIC [ 25 ]. Notably, all forms of GIC and their modification result in a good remineralizing potential clinically [ 26 ].…”