Incorporation of Homogeneous, Nanoscale MnO<sub>2</sub> within Ultraporous Carbon Structures via Self-Limiting Electroless Deposition:  Implications for Electrochemical Capacitors

Fischer, Anne E.; Pettigrew, Katherine A.; Rolison, Debra R.; Stroud, Rhonda M.; Long, Jeffrey W.

doi:10.1021/nl062263i

Cited by 593 publications

(461 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (see Supporting Information) shows that the equivalent series resistance of manganese oxide/CNTA electrode (1.66 Ω) is less than that of the manganese oxide/nanocarbon composite. 37 The charge-transfer resistance of the manganese oxide/ CNTA electrode is 0.16 Ω, which is comparable to that of the original CNTA electrode (0.11 Ω) and is a reflection of the developed conductive network in the manganese oxide/ CNTA electrode. The manganese oxide/CNTA composite delivers a C sp of 199 F/g (Figure 4b, based on the mass of the composite) at low current density, which is much higher than the C sp (27 F/g, see Figure 4b) of the original CNTA substrate.…”

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confidence: 76%

Growth of Manganese Oxide Nanoflowers on Vertically-Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays for High-Rate Electrochemical Capacitive Energy Storage

et al. 2008

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Manganese oxide nanoflower/carbon nanotube array (CNTA) composite electrodes with hierarchical porous structure, large surface area, and superior conductivity was controllable prepared by combining electrodeposition technique and a vertically aligned CNTA framework. This binder-free manganese oxide/CNTA electrode presents excellent rate capability (50.8% capacity retention at 77 A/g), high capacitance (199 F/g and 305 F/cm 3 ), and long cycle life (3% capacity loss after 20 000 charge/discharge cycles), with strong promise for high-rate electrochemical capacitive energy storage applications.In development of energy storage devices, nanostructured electrode materials have attracted great interest, as they show not only higher capacities but also better rates than traditional materials. 1-6 Nanostructured electrode materials are key components in the advancement of future energy technologies; thus, strategies for preparing high-performance nanomaterials are required. 5 However, direct synthesis of complex nanostructures still remains a challenge in areas of materials science. 7,8 Nowadays, much research on electrochemical capacitors (ECs) is aimed at increasing power and energy densities as well as lowering fabrication costs while using environmentally friendly materials. Specifically, it was found that RuO 2 exhibits prominent capacitive properties as ECs electrode materials; 9 however, its high cost excludes it from wide application. Relatively low cost materials such as MnO x and NiO x can also be used as electrode materials, but their poor rate capability need to be enhanced. 10,11 Manganese oxides (MO) have been thoroughly investigated because of their importance in industrial applications, such as catalysis and energy storage. [12][13][14][15][16] Over the years various nanostructured manganese oxides, including dendritic clusters, nanocrystals with different shapes, nanowires, nanotubes, nanobelts, and nanoflowers, have been synthesized. [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] In order to greatly increase electrochemical performance of manganese oxides, a hierarchical porous structure 25 with high electronic conductivity 26 must be considered. Nevertheless, up to now, no method has been reported to fabricate hierarchical porous and binder-free manganese oxide composite electrodes with superior electronic conductive paths. In this paper, we realized this goal by a combination of a carbon nanotube array (CNTA) framework and an electrodeposition technique to fabricate a composite structure, that is, well-dispersed manganese oxide nanoflowers on a vertically aligned CNTA. CNTA is excellent for electrodepositing transition metal oxides because of its regular pore structure, high surface area, homogeneous property (binderfree), and excellent conductivity. [27][28][29][30] The experimental results show that the manganese oxide/CNTA composite electrode exhibits superior rate performance (50.8% capacitance retention at 77 A/g) in an EC, thus, making it very promising for high-rate electrochemical capacitive energy ...

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confidence: 76%

Growth of Manganese Oxide Nanoflowers on Vertically-Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays for High-Rate Electrochemical Capacitive Energy Storage

et al. 2008

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“…Some researchers have done researches dealing with MnO 2 /carbon composites and have known that MnO 2 possesses several advantages on top of carbon material, such as high capacitance, low price, environmental compatibility and natural abundance in other applications, such as supercapacitor and Lithium-ion battery [13][14][15][16]. However, no previous MnO 2 /carbon composite materials as electrodes in CDI studies have been reported.…”

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confidence: 99%

Development of novel MnO2/nanoporous carbon composite electrodes in capacitive deionization technology

et al. 2011

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Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a technology for desalination and water purification that charged ions are electrosorbed on the porous electrodes, thus its performance largely affected by choice of electrodes. In this paper, the MnO 2 /nanoporous carbon composites were prepared and used as electrodes in CDI. Salt removal efficiency for the MnO 2 /nanoporous carbon was 16.9 μmol/g which was higher than 5.4 μmol/g of the commercially available activated carbon (AC). The nanoporous carbons were synthesised using silica templates while their composites were prepared by a co-precipitation method and were characterised carefully. The capacitance of the MnO 2 /carbon composites (204.7 F/g) was higher than the AC (98.6 F/g). The capacitance increase may be attributed to the high surface area and suitable pore size distribution properties. Moreover, the MnO 2 film provided a high surface adsorption capability and an effective cation intercalation.

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“…For composites with carbonaceous materials, including CNTs, the reported enhancement of electrochemical performance is more pronounced when only a small amount of metal oxide is incorporated in the electrode. 33 However, for practical applications, particularly for large capacitor applications, such as power sources for the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) or fuel cell electric …”

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Design and Synthesis of Hierarchical MnO₂ Nanospheres/Carbon Nanotubes/Conducting Polymer Ternary Composite for High Performance Electrochemical Electrodes

Hou

Cheng

Hobson³

et al. 2010

Nano Lett.

907

562

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For efficient use of metal oxides, such as MnO 2 and RuO 2 , in pseudocapacitors and other electrochemical applications, the poor conductivity of the metal oxide is a major problem. To tackle the problem, we have designed a ternary nanocomposite film composed of metal oxide (MnO 2 ), carbon nanotube (CNT), and conducting polymer (CP). Each component in the MnO 2 /CNT/CP film provides unique and critical function to achieve optimized electrochemical properties. The electrochemical performance of the film is evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, and constant-current charge/discharge cycling techniques. Specific capacitance (SC) of the ternary composite electrode can reach 427 F/g. Even at high mass loading and high concentration of MnO 2 (60%), the film still showed SC value as high as 200 F/g. The electrode also exhibited excellent charge/discharge rate and good cycling stability, retaining over 99% of its initial charge after 1000 cycles. The results demonstrated that MnO 2 is effectively utilized with assistance of other components (fFWNTs and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) in the electrode. Such ternary composite is very promising for the next generation high performance electrochemical supercapacitors. KEYWORDS MnO 2; fFWNTs, PEDOT-PSS, supercapacitor, effective utilization.A s the limited availability of fossil fuel and the environmental impacts of a society based on such energy sources becoming more obvious, the need for renewable energy sources has attracted attentions of the world. Systems for electrochemical energy storage and conversion include batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors. Among them, supercapacitors, also known as electrical double layer capacitor, ultracapacitor, or electrochemical capacitor (EC), have attracted much attention because of their high power density, long cycle life (>100 000 cycles), and rapid charging-discharging rates.1 They can be applied in a large variety of applications, including consumer electronics, memory back-up systems, industrial power, energy management, public transportation, and military devices. More importantly, supercapacitors are critical components in the next generation all-electric cars and cars based on fuel cells that use hydrogen or alcohol as clean and renewable energy media.Various materials have been investigated as the electrodes in ECs, including carboneous materials, 2-4 conducting polymers 5,6 and transition-metal oxides. 7,8 MnO 2 is generally considered to be the most promising transition metal oxides for the next generation of supercapacitors because of its high-energy density, low cost, environmental friendliness, and natural abundance. 9,10The published results thus far established that the electrochemical performance of MnO 2 depended on their morphology, porosity, specific surface area, electrical conductivity and ionic transport within the pores. 11,12 In this context, layered mesoporous birnessite-type manganese oxide materials are attracting great interest due to their high surface area, low density, a...

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Incorporation of Homogeneous, Nanoscale MnO₂ within Ultraporous Carbon Structures via Self-Limiting Electroless Deposition: Implications for Electrochemical Capacitors

Cited by 593 publications

References 51 publications

Growth of Manganese Oxide Nanoflowers on Vertically-Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays for High-Rate Electrochemical Capacitive Energy Storage

Growth of Manganese Oxide Nanoflowers on Vertically-Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays for High-Rate Electrochemical Capacitive Energy Storage

Development of novel MnO2/nanoporous carbon composite electrodes in capacitive deionization technology

Design and Synthesis of Hierarchical MnO₂ Nanospheres/Carbon Nanotubes/Conducting Polymer Ternary Composite for High Performance Electrochemical Electrodes

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Incorporation of Homogeneous, Nanoscale MnO2 within Ultraporous Carbon Structures via Self-Limiting Electroless Deposition: Implications for Electrochemical Capacitors

Cited by 593 publications

References 51 publications

Growth of Manganese Oxide Nanoflowers on Vertically-Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays for High-Rate Electrochemical Capacitive Energy Storage

Growth of Manganese Oxide Nanoflowers on Vertically-Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays for High-Rate Electrochemical Capacitive Energy Storage

Development of novel MnO2/nanoporous carbon composite electrodes in capacitive deionization technology

Design and Synthesis of Hierarchical MnO2 Nanospheres/Carbon Nanotubes/Conducting Polymer Ternary Composite for High Performance Electrochemical Electrodes

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Incorporation of Homogeneous, Nanoscale MnO₂ within Ultraporous Carbon Structures via Self-Limiting Electroless Deposition: Implications for Electrochemical Capacitors

Design and Synthesis of Hierarchical MnO₂ Nanospheres/Carbon Nanotubes/Conducting Polymer Ternary Composite for High Performance Electrochemical Electrodes