“…Based on the overlapping behavior of the community structures, many works are developed to extract the hidden communities via a variety of different approaches. The examples in this category include detection of connected overlapping communities based on searching the adjacent cliques [18], edge partitioning techniques [19], label propagation algorithms [20], overlapping community detection in two-mode networks [21,22,23], topic oriented community detection via a link analysis approach [24], node location analysis to detect overlapping communities [25], overlapping local neighborhood ratio [26,27], maximal subgraphs [28,29], detecting core nodes among the communities [30], and model based clustering ideas [31,32]. Due to the unsupervised essence of the problem, heuristic and meta-heuristic approaches are investigated to uncover the community patterns through various heuristic fitness functions and nature-inspired algorithms [33,34].…”