Inconsistencies in the assumptions linking punitive sanctions and use of cannabis and new psychoactive substances in Europe

Hughes, Brendan; Matias, João; Griffiths, Paul

doi:10.1111/add.14372

Cited by 15 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…A number of studies have examined the impact of marijuana laws on marijuana use across the world, but reported inconsistent results [13]. Some studies reported no association between marijuana laws and marijuana use [14,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25], some reported a protective effect of the laws against marijuana use [24,26], some reported mixed effects [27,28], while some others reported a risk effect that marijuana laws increased marijuana use [29,30].…”

Section: Inconsistent Results Regarding the Impact Of Marijuana Laws mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, 33 states and the District of Columbia have established MML, including 11 states with recreational marijuana laws (RML) [9]. Compared with the legalization of marijuana use in the European countries which were more divided that many of them have medical marijuana registered as a treatment option with few having legalized recreational use [10][11][12][13], the legalization of marijuana in the US were more mixed with 11 states legalized medical and recreational use consecutively, such as California, Nevada, Washington, etc. These state laws may alter people's attitudes and behaviors, finally may lead to the increased risk of marijuana use, particularly among young people [13].…”

Section: Movements To Decriminalize and Legalize Marijuana Usementioning

confidence: 99%

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Marijuana legalization and historical trends in marijuana use among US residents aged 12–25: results from the 1979–2016 National Survey on drug use and health

Chen

et al. 2020

BMC Public Health

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Background: Marijuana is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States. More and more states legalized medical and recreational marijuana use. Adolescents and emerging adults are at high risk for marijuana use. This ecological study aims to examine historical trends in marijuana use among youth along with marijuana legalization. Method: Data (n = 749,152) were from the 31-wave National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 1979-2016. Current marijuana use, if use marijuana in the past 30 days, was used as outcome variable. Age was measured as the chronological age self-reported by the participants, period was the year when the survey was conducted, and cohort was estimated as period subtracted age. Rate of current marijuana use was decomposed into independent age, period and cohort effects using the hierarchical age-period-cohort (HAPC) model.Results: After controlling for age, cohort and other covariates, the estimated period effect indicated declines in marijuana use in 1979-1992 and 2001-2006, and increases in 1992-2001 and 2006-2016. The period effect was positively and significantly associated with the proportion of people covered by Medical Marijuana Laws (MML) (correlation coefficients: 0.89 for total sample, 0.81 for males and 0.93 for females, all three p values < 0.01), but was not significantly associated with the Recreational Marijuana Laws (RML). The estimated cohort effect showed a historical decline in marijuana use in those who were born in 1954-1972, a sudden increase in 1972-1984, followed by a decline in 1984-2003. Conclusion: The model derived trends in marijuana use were coincident with the laws and regulations on marijuana and other drugs in the United States since the 1950s. With more states legalizing marijuana use in the United States, emphasizing responsible use would be essential to protect youth from using marijuana.

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Section: Inconsistent Results Regarding the Impact Of Marijuana Laws mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Movements To Decriminalize and Legalize Marijuana Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Marijuana legalization and historical trends in marijuana use among US residents aged 12–25: results from the 1979–2016 National Survey on drug use and health

Chen

et al. 2020

BMC Public Health

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“…41 Moreover, an analysis of data collected by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction found no relationship between changes in statutory penalties for cannabis and prevalence of use. 42 Recently, the use of cannabis for medical purposes has become legal in many countries, but legal use of cannabis for non-medical purposes is still rare. Most of the governments that have legalized non-medical use of cannabis are US state governments (e.g.…”

Section: Changing Cannabis Policiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis knowledge and implications for health: Considerations regarding the legalization of non-medical cannabis

Zamengo¹,

Frison²,

Zwitser³

et al. 2020

Med Sci Law

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Cannabis contains over a hundred of different cannabinoids, of which Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the most well studied. The use of high-potency cannabis, containing high concentrations of THC and low concentrations of CBD, has been linked to adverse health outcomes, particularly for adolescents and young adults. Recently, an increase in cannabis potency has been observed in jurisdictions that legalized the sale of cannabis for non-medical purposes. Moreover, an increase of cannabis use and cannabis-related emergency treatment have also been observed in these jurisdictions. At the same time, risk perception regarding cannabis use has decreased in these populations. Trivializing language and an increased appearance of commercial cannabis in the public space may lead to a generalized underestimation of the risks of cannabis use. New regulation models principally focus on the creation of a legal cannabis market economy, the diversion of profits from illegal markets, and the reduction of costs associated with prohibition. However, an approach that specifically focuses on the rights to the health and safety of the individual should be considered in order to reduce the risks associated with cannabis legalization. Such an approach should promote and protect individual and social health and safety, establish a strict quality control of legal cannabis products regulated according to THC and CBD content, and eliminate all sorts of incentives to use, thus providing a more consistent, sustainable, and ethical framework for the legalization of non-medical cannabis use.

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“…If rates of use do not increase among adolescents, as the evidence suggests, neither should mental illness. Indeed, in Europe, no consistent effect on rates of cannabis use in the general population has been observed after either reductions or increases in penalties for possessing cannabis 25…”

Section: No—h Valerie Curran Niamh Eastwood Adam Winstockmentioning

confidence: 99%

Would decriminalising personal use of cannabis lead to higher rates of mental illness?

Smyth

Cannon

Molodynski

et al. 2020

BMJ

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Inconsistencies in the assumptions linking punitive sanctions and use of cannabis and new psychoactive substances in Europe

Cited by 15 publications

References 13 publications

Marijuana legalization and historical trends in marijuana use among US residents aged 12–25: results from the 1979–2016 National Survey on drug use and health

Marijuana legalization and historical trends in marijuana use among US residents aged 12–25: results from the 1979–2016 National Survey on drug use and health

Cannabis knowledge and implications for health: Considerations regarding the legalization of non-medical cannabis

Would decriminalising personal use of cannabis lead to higher rates of mental illness?

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