Incomplete property rights, exposure to markets and the provision of environmental services in China

Bennett, Michael T.; Mehta, Aashish; Xu, Jintao

doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2010.12.002

Cited by 30 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…However, this comes at the cost of environmental outcomes. Bennett and colleagues [24] found that when CCFP participants are allowed to select plots for conversion, famers choose less fertile and more remote plots, with this resulting in lower survival rates [24].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This has since been revised to a nationwide standard of 75% for full-scale implementation [1]. However, this rate has varied by locale, often due to the tension faced by local governments between maintaining enthusiasm for the program and ensuring its rural welfare goals (i.e., by making sure households get program subsidies), while also achieving program environmental goals (i.e., by incentivizing achievement of survival rate targets by withholding a share of subsidies for sub-par outcomes) [24].…”

Section: The Conversion Of Cropland To Forests Programmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Implementation of the CCFP often varies significantly by locale, as is generally the case with many central government policies in China [24,25], and we exploit this to examine how the different configurations in a local de facto implementation regime are associated with reported survival rates.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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China’s Conversion of Cropland to Forest Program for Household Delivery of Ecosystem Services: How Important is a Local Implementation Regime to Survival Rate Outcomes?

Bennett

Xie

Hogarth

et al. 2014

Forests

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China's Conversion of Cropland to Forests Program (CCFP) is the world's largest afforestation-based Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) program, having retired and afforested over 24 million ha involving 32 million rural households. Prior research has primarily focused on the CCFP's rural welfare impacts, with few studies on program-induced environmental improvements, particularly at the household level. In this study, data from a 2010 survey covering 2808 rural households from across China was analyzed using an interval regression model to explain household-reported survival rates of trees planted on program-enrolled cropland. In addition to household-level factors, we explore the influence of local conditions and institutional configurations by exploiting the wide diversity of contexts covered by the data set. We find that households with more available labor and more forestry experience manage trees better, but that higher opportunity costs for both land and labor have the opposite effect. We also find that the local implementation regime-e.g., the degree of prior consultation with participants and regular monitoring -has a strong positive effect on reported survivorship. We suggest that the level of subsidy support to participating households will be key to survivorship of trees in planted CCFP forests for some time to come.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Conversion Of Cropland To Forests Programmentioning

confidence: 99%

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China’s Conversion of Cropland to Forest Program for Household Delivery of Ecosystem Services: How Important is a Local Implementation Regime to Survival Rate Outcomes?

Bennett

Xie

Hogarth

et al. 2014

Forests

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“…Moreover, such opportunities rely critically on sufficient social capital to ensure community integrity without risking migration to more urbanized areas. As long as these assets are lacking, typically risk averse farmers would concentrate on productive activities that reflect their existing capacity and level of expertise (Zhang et al 2008, Bennett et al 2011). …”

Section: Sloping Land Conversion Programmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Two Payment Schemes for Watershed Services from China and Vietnam: the Interface of Government Control and PES Theory

Kolinjivadi¹,

Sunderland²

2012

E&S

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ABSTRACT. China and Vietnam have developed some of the most ambitious payments for ecosystem services (PES) initiatives for watershed conservation and forest management. These include the Sloping Land Conversion Programme in China and pilot projects designed to implement Decision 380 and the subsequent national PES law in Vietnam. This study reviews how these two government-driven initiatives are achieving their environment and development objectives in terms of their institutional arrangements, implementation in practice, and sustainability prospects. Although it remains too soon to determine the effects of these programs on watershed services, early evidence indicates that they are resulting in vulnerable land being retired from cultivation supported, in some cases, by considerable contributions to household income. A review of these initiatives has revealed two emerging questions that are relevant within the wider discussion on PES theory: (1) What is the ideal role for government in an evolving socio-cultural and political context? (2) What are the implications of a lack of voluntary participation in government administered PES schemes? Future prospects for harnessing the substantial political commitment for watershed protection toward more strategic, flexible, and long-term sustainable outcomes hinge on the ongoing responsiveness of these governments to stakeholder needs and objectives.

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“…Commonly, stakeholders in land use include multiple players who could be divided into two main groups, namely into "decision makers" (e.g., government level) and "decision takers" (e.g., local farmers - Grimble & Wellard 1997, Reed et al 2009). This study took place in China where land property is still state owned, implying that land management by local land users (e.g., farmers) is very much influenced by political top-down decisions (Bennett et al 2011, Xu 2004. In this study, we therefore considered a group of local land administration officers (decision makers), as well as village/town headman (decision takers at implementation level) to be the relevant stakeholder group.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confronting international research topics with stakeholders on multifunctional land use: the case of Inner Mongolia, China

König¹,

Podhora²,

Helming³

et al. 2014

iForest

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© iForest -Biogeosciences and Forestry IntroductionLand use in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region ("Inner Mongolia") has a long tradition of nomadic pastoralism (Zhizhong & Wen 2008). With economic development, population growth, and increasing demand for natural resources globally and particularly in China, regional land use preferences have changed toward an increased preference for commodity production (Zhen et al. 2010(Zhen et al. , 2014. Thus, land use in Inner Mongolia is experiencing a period of transition, which affects natural resources and regional development in different ways. Because Inner Mongolia is increasingly facing severe land degradation problems, regional land use changes were triggered by the Chinese government with the introduction of several land conservation policies, such as the "Wind and sand source control around Beijing and Tianjin project" (2001 to 2010), which focused on afforestation and grassland maintenance ; the "Sloping land conversion program" (SLCP -initiated 1999) to convert arable land to grassland or forests in the agro-pasture zone (Yin & Yin 2010, König et al. 2012b; and the "Grazing prohibition" policy (since 1987), which requires livestock fencing and bans livestock from degraded areas (Jun Li et al. 2007, Li & Huntsinger 2011. Simultaneously, the government has excluded herders from vast areas of land and has attempted to move them into "minority villages", where they are expected to survive by producing milk for the dairy industry using a limited and fixed area of grassland. These developments resulted in the abandonment of nomadic pastoralism in favor of individual farming, with fenced herding and increasing herd densities per unit of land (Zhizhong & Wen 2008).With the increasing demand for land-based resources and ecosystem services, land use is no longer an issue that is of interest only to local land managers. Instead, society places a complex portfolio of demands on land utilization. Some of these demands are met by commodities for which farmers and land managers are paid, such as food, fiber, energy, and timber. Other demands exhibit the character of public goods, e.g., habitats, biodiversity, clean water and air, greenhouse gas mitigation, the buffering of weather extremes, cooling, flood control, cultural assets, and recreational and human health assets, and they contribute to the social and environmental good (Costanza & Daly 1992, de Groot et al. 2010.The concept of multifunctional land use was developed to encompass the multitude of services that land use provides (Wiggering et al. 2003). The underlying rationale for multifunctional land use is to simultaneously and interactively consider the social, economic, and environmental effects of any land use action including the effects of commodity production and those of uses for the public good. The multifunctionality of land use reflects the wide spectrum of land use options and their interaction with regard to sustainable development (Wiggering et al. 2006). Thus, scientific support requires the inclusio...

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Incomplete property rights, exposure to markets and the provision of environmental services in China

Cited by 30 publications

References 28 publications

China’s Conversion of Cropland to Forest Program for Household Delivery of Ecosystem Services: How Important is a Local Implementation Regime to Survival Rate Outcomes?

China’s Conversion of Cropland to Forest Program for Household Delivery of Ecosystem Services: How Important is a Local Implementation Regime to Survival Rate Outcomes?

A Review of Two Payment Schemes for Watershed Services from China and Vietnam: the Interface of Government Control and PES Theory

Confronting international research topics with stakeholders on multifunctional land use: the case of Inner Mongolia, China

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