Income Inequality, Race, and Place: Does the Distribution of Race and Class Within Neighborhoods Affect Crime Rates?*

Hipp, John R.

doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2007.00088.x

Cited by 233 publications

(211 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…An increasing level of crime and disorder in the neighborhood likely translates directly into lower values for one's home (Tita et al 2006), suggesting an economic incentive. Indeed studies have found that neighborhoods with a greater proportion of homeowners have lower rates of burglary (Ross 1977) and violence (Hipp 2007b;Krivo and Peterson 1996;Roncek 1981;Smith et al 2000).…”

Section: Measuring Residential Instabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Violent Crime, Residential Instability and Mobility: Does the Relationship Differ in Minority Neighborhoods?

2010

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This study examines the reciprocal relationship between violent crime and residential stability in neighborhoods. We test whether the form of stability matters by comparing two different measures of stability: a traditional index of residential stability and a novel approach focusing specifically on the stability of homeowners. We also examine whether the racial/ethnic composition of the neighborhood in which this stability occurs affects the instability-violent crime relationship. To test the simultaneous relationship between residential mobility and crime we estimate a dual multivariate latent curve model of the change in the violent crime rate and the change in the rate of home sales while controlling for neighborhood socioeconomic and demographic characteristics using data from Los Angeles between 1992 and 1997. Results indicate that the initial level of violent crime increases the trajectory of residential instability in subsequent years, whether the instability is measured as homeowner turnover specifically, or based on an index of all residents. However, the effect of instability on violent crime is only apparent when measuring instability based on an index of general residential turnover and not when including the presence of owners in this measure, or when measuring it based on homeowner turnover. We consistently find that stable highly Latino communities exhibit a protective effect against violence.

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Section: Measuring Residential Instabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Violent Crime, Residential Instability and Mobility: Does the Relationship Differ in Minority Neighborhoods?

2010

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“…<<<Table 1 about here>>> Second, it may be that the level of social distance within neighborhoods of a city has important consequences for the foreclosure and crime relationship. Studies have found that neighborhoods with more racial/ethnic heterogeneity (Hipp 2007;Sampson and Groves 1989;Warner and Rountree 1997) or inequality (Crutchfield 1989;Hipp 2007;Hipp and Yates 2011), and therefore less bonding capital, have higher crime rates. Studies have found that such neighborhoods have less cohesion and neighboring as a result of this form of social distance (Connerly and Marans 1985;Lowenkamp, Cullen, and Pratt 2003;Sampson 1991;Warner and Rountree 1997).…”

Section: Social Distance As a Moderator Of The Foreclosures And Crimementioning

confidence: 99%

Foreclosures and crime: A city-level analysis in Southern California of a dynamic process

Hipp

Chamberlain

2015

Social Science Research

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Although a growing body of research has examined and found a positive relationship between neighborhood crime and home foreclosures, some research suggests this relationship may not hold in all cities. This study uses city-level data to assess the relationship between foreclosures and crime by estimating longitudinal models with lags for monthly foreclosure and crime data in 128 cities from 1996 to 2011 in Southern California. We test whether these effects are stronger in cities with a combination of high economic inequality and high economic segregation; and whether they are stronger in cities with high racial/ethnic heterogeneity and high racial segregation. One month, and cumulative three month, six month, and 12-month lags of foreclosures are found to increase city level crime for all crimes except motor vehicle theft. The effect of foreclosures on these crime types is stronger in cities with simultaneously high levels of inequality but low levels of economic segregation. The effect of foreclosures on aggravated assault, robbery, and burglary is stronger in cities with simultaneously high levels of racial heterogeneity and low levels of racial segregation. On the other hand, foreclosures had a stronger effect on larceny and motor vehicle theft when they occurred in a city with simultaneously high levels of racial heterogeneity and high levels of racial segregation. There is evidence that the foreclosure crisis had large scale impacts on cities, leading to higher crime rates in cities hit harder by foreclosures. Nonetheless, the economic and racial characteristics of the city altered this effect.Keywords: cities; crime; foreclosures; social distance; social capital; segregation. Alyssa W. Chamberlain is an Assistant Professor in the School of Criminology and CriminalJustice at Arizona State University. Her research interests focus on the nexus between neighborhood dynamics and crime, more specifically, the spatial and temporal relationship between neighborhood structural characteristics, social inequality and crime and how those factors shape how neighborhoods change over time. She also examines issues related to prisoner reentry and corrections. Whereas recent studies have focused on the relationship between foreclosures and crime at the geographic level of neighborhoods, there are various reasons why the impact of foreclosures may be felt at even larger geographic units such as cities. For one thing, the large magnitude of the foreclosure crisis implies that entire cities may experience very high rates of foreclosures. If this is indeed the case, do these cities suffer a rise in the level of crime as a consequence? Furthermore, the larger city context within which neighborhoods are situated likely plays a critical role in determining how the community may respond to various economic and financial hardships (Logan and Molotch 1987), such as the housing crisis. This implies that certain cities may be better equipped to redress various social problems that may arise. For example, although foreclosures...

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“…By partialling out household crowding in the models, we render the micro-environment population a measure of public space crowding. Prior research also suggests that vacant units within a geographic area will increase crime (Hipp 2007b;Krivo and Peterson 1996;McNulty and Holloway 2000). Although vacant units are implicitly included in the measure of population density insofar as the vacant units occupy space but do not add to the population count, criminological theory posits that such units exert an additional effect on crime rates by providing a haven for delinquent behavior (Stark 1987).…”

Section: Independent Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such possibilities were outside the scope of the present study, but are worth exploring given that research has found that residents respond to crime with residential mobility (Hipp 2010;Hipp, Tita, and Greenbaum 2009;South and Crowder 1997;Xie and McDowall 2008). To the extent that crime leads to population outflow from cities, this would be important to account for in longitudinal analyses.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This renders the micro-environment as an immediate area containing a household (alternatively, a "neighborhood"). Setting aside debates regarding size and definition of neighborhoods (Coulton, Korbin, Chan, and Su 2001;Hipp 2007a), we tap into Wirth's (1938) conception of a localized 7 environment which creates social "friction" (p. 16) through spatial competition and regular physical contact. This micro-environment captures the number of persons in, for example, a one-mile radius, and arguably captures the persons whom a resident might conceivably experience on a daily basis.…”

Section: Population Density and Population Size: The Micro-and Macro-mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Micro- and Macro-Environment Population and the Consequences for Crime Rates

Hipp

Roussell

2013

Social Forces

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* We would like to thank Malcolm Holmes, Marisa Omori, and Akhila Ananth for their helpful comments on drafts of the manuscript. The authors remain solely responsible for the analyses, interpretations, and opinions presented herein. Aaron Roussell is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at Washington State University, Pullman. One major branch of his research focuses the ways that crime relates to geography, place, and shifting demographics and the implications for social theory and policy. He publishes in the fields of sociology, criminology, and socio-legal studies.Population density and crime 3 Micro-and macro-environment population and the consequences for crime rates AbstractFew studies have explored Louis Wirth's propositions regarding of the independent effects of population size and density due to the conceptual difficulty in distinguishing between them. We directly address this conundrum by conceptualizing these as micro-population density and macro-population density. We propose two novel measures for these constructs: population density exposure to capture micro-density, and a measure of population within a 20 mile radius to capture macro-density. We combine the theoretical insights of Wirth with routine activities theory to posit and find strong nonlinear effects of micro-density on crime rates, as well as the moderating effect of macro-density. We find strong evidence of macro social processes for population size including: 1) its strongest effect occurred for crimes generally between strangers (robberies and motor vehicle thefts); 2) virtually no effect for homicides, a type of crime that often occurs among non-strangers. For micro-density, our findings include: 1) strong curvilinear effects for the three types of property crime; 2) diminishing positive effects for robbery and homicide; and 3) a strikingly different pattern for aggravated assault. The effects for micro-density are stronger than for macro-density, a finding unexplored in the extant literature. We discuss the implications of these results within the context of Wirth's theoretical framework as well as routine activities theory, and suggest ways to extend these findings.Population density and crime 4 Micro-and macro-environment population and the consequences for crime rates

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Income Inequality, Race, and Place: Does the Distribution of Race and Class Within Neighborhoods Affect Crime Rates?*

Cited by 233 publications

References 78 publications

Violent Crime, Residential Instability and Mobility: Does the Relationship Differ in Minority Neighborhoods?

Violent Crime, Residential Instability and Mobility: Does the Relationship Differ in Minority Neighborhoods?

Foreclosures and crime: A city-level analysis in Southern California of a dynamic process

Micro- and Macro-Environment Population and the Consequences for Crime Rates

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