Inclusive Insurance, Income Distribution, and Inclusive Growth

Zheng, Lili; Ya, SU

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.890507

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 44 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…Firstly, in the case of older individuals, the government should consider introducing CMI-subsidy policies for the elderly, while the insurance industry should expand publicity channels and methods to improve the awareness of CMI among the elderly. It is also necessary to scale up social business integrated medical insurance, a kind of inclusive CMI that is more friendly to the elderly, with the advantages of low cost, simple terms, broad coverage, and easy access [ 48 , 49 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with the enrollment of commercial medical insurance in China: Results from China General Social Survey

Xue,

Zeng,

Yang

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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Background The Chinese government has been promoting commercial medical insurance (CMI) in recent decades as it plays an increasingly important role in addressing disease burden, health inequities, and other healthcare challenges. However, compared with developed countries, the CMI is still less fledged with low coverage. Objective This study aims to explore the factors associated with enrollment in CMI, with regards to explicit characteristics (including sociodemographic characteristics and family economic status), latent characteristics (including social security status), and the global incentive compatibility index (including health status), to inform the design of CMI to improve its coverage in China. Methods Based on the principal-agent model, we summarized and classified the factors associated with the enrollment in CMI, and then analyzed the data generated from the Chinese General Social Survey in 2015,2018 and 2021 respectively. A comparison of factors regarding sociodemographic characteristics, family economic status, social security status, and health status was conducted between individuals enrolled and unenrolled in CMI using Mann-Whitney U test and Chi-square test. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to explore factors influencing the enrollment status of CMI. Results Of all individuals, the proportion of enrolled individuals shows an increasing trend year by year, with 8.7%,11.8% and 14.1% enrolled in CMI in 2015,2018 and 2021, respectively. The binary regression analysis further suggested that the factors associated with the enrollment in CMI were consistent in 2015,2018 and 2021.We found that individuals divorced, obese, who had a higher level of education, had non-agricultural household registration, perceived themselves as the upper social status, conducted daily exercise, had more family houses, had a car, had investment activities, or did not have basic health insurance were more likely to be enrolled in CMI. Conclusions We identified multidimensional factors associated with the enrollment of CMI, which help inform the government and insurance industry to improve the coverage of CMI.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with the enrollment of commercial medical insurance in China: Results from China General Social Survey

Xue,

Zeng,

Yang

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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“…Another recent study carried out in China showed that inclusive insurance impacts positively income distribution and inclusive growth as well. More than this, such a type of policy strategy is more pronounced in rural and low-income households ( 37 ). Thus, health insurance and social security programs are very important tools not only to reach universal health coverage but also to reduce inequality of different types.…”

Section: Discussion and Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adopting social health insurance in Nepal: A mixed study

Paneru

Adhikari

Poudel

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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ObjectiveThe Social Health Insurance Program (SHIP) shares a major portion of social security, and is also key to Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and health equity. The Government of Nepal launched SHIP in the Fiscal Year 2015/16 for the first phase in three districts, on the principle of financial risk protection through prepayment and risk pooling in health care. Furthermore, the adoption of the program depends on the stakeholders' behaviors, mainly, the beneficiaries and the providers. Therefore, we aimed to explore and assess their perception and experiences regarding various factors acting on SHIP enrollment and adherence.MethodsA cross-sectional, facility-based, concurrent mixed-methods study was carried out in seven health facilities in the Kailali, Baglung, and Ilam districts of Nepal. A total of 822 beneficiaries, sampled using probability proportional to size (PPS), attending health care institutions, were interviewed using a structured questionnaire for quantitative data. A total of seven focus group discussions (FGDs) and 12 in-depth interviews (IDIs), taken purposefully, were conducted with beneficiaries and service providers, using guidelines, respectively. Quantitative data were entered into Epi-data and analyzed with SPSS, MS-Excel, and Epitools, an online statistical calculator. Manual thematic analysis with predefined themes was carried out for qualitative data. Percentage, frequency, mean, and median were used to describe the variables, and the Chi-square test and binary logistic regression were used to infer the findings. We then combined the qualitative data from beneficiaries' and providers' perceptions, and experiences to explore different aspects of health insurance programs as well as to justify the quantitative findings.Results and prospectsOf a total of 822 respondents (insured-404, uninsured-418), 370 (45%) were men. Families' median income was USD $65.96 (8.30–290.43). The perception of insurance premiums did not differ between the insured and uninsured groups (p = 0.53). Similarly, service utilization (OR = 220.4; 95% CI, 123.3–393.9) and accessibility (OR = 74.4; 95% CI, 42.5–130.6) were found to have high odds among the insured as compared to the uninsured respondents. Qualitative findings showed that the coverage and service quality were poor. Enrollment was gaining momentum despite nearly a one-tenth (9.1%) dropout rate. Moreover, different aspects, including provider-beneficiary communication, benefit packages, barriers, and ways to go, are discussed. Additionally, we also argue for some alternative health insurance schemes and strategies that may have possible implications in our contexts.ConclusionAlthough enrollment is encouraging, adherence is weak, with a considerable dropout rate and poor renewal. Patient management strategies and insurance education are recommended urgently. Furthermore, some alternate schemes and strategies may be considered.

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“…IMI is characteristic insurance proposed by China to improve the medical insurance system. Most of the existing studies are about the top-level design of its theoretical development [52][53][54]. At present, we found only one empirical study on IMI.…”

Section: Imi Related Workmentioning

confidence: 97%

Exploring the Intention of Middle-Aged and Elderly Consumers to Participate in Inclusive Medical Insurance

Liu

Jing

et al. 2022

IEEE Access

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With the sudden and heavy consequences of diseases, medical insurance has become a vital part of the medical system. Inclusive medical insurance (IMI) aims to help people manage personal health risks from an economic perspective under the cooperation of government and private enterprises. With the worsening aging phenomenon in China, middle-aged and elderly consumers inevitably need to choose insurance services. However, the diversification of service forms and contents implies potential loopholes that may affect their intention to participate in insurance. In this study, we establish a trust mechanism model combining finance, technology, and institutions; collect and organize data using questionnaires; and explore the link between trust and intention to participate in IMI. Our results show that new service concepts under digital channels can increase financial trust, perceived ease of use affects technical trust, and reputation and security mechanisms positively affect institutional trust. Furthermore, trust transfer occurs among the three types of trust. At the same time, financial trust and institutional trust positively affect middle-aged and elderly consumers' intention to participate in insurance. The findings of our study have theoretical value and practical implications for IMI research.

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Inclusive Insurance, Income Distribution, and Inclusive Growth

Cited by 7 publications

References 44 publications

Factors associated with the enrollment of commercial medical insurance in China: Results from China General Social Survey

Factors associated with the enrollment of commercial medical insurance in China: Results from China General Social Survey

Adopting social health insurance in Nepal: A mixed study

Exploring the Intention of Middle-Aged and Elderly Consumers to Participate in Inclusive Medical Insurance

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