Inclusive innovation policies

How are digital technologies changing innovation?

“…Such developments are often at the roots of services innovation. However, as outlined in the Frascati Manual, only some of these activities are considered R&D 4 .…”

“…R&D comprises basic research, applied research, and experimental development (OECD, 2015 [134]). 4 "The nature of software development is such that it is difficult to identify its R&D component, if any. Software development is an integral part of many projects that in themselves have no element of R&D. The software development component of such projects, however, may be classified as R&D if it leads to an advance in the area of computer software.…”

“…Four expert workshops (held in June and September of 2017, April and June of 2018) and interviews (conducted between August 2018 and May 2019) with more than 60 experts, industry stakeholders and policy makers were organised. The paper also builds on three country industry case studies, regarding the digitalisation of the automotive supply chain in Germany and China, the digitalisation of agriculture in Italy, and the role of digital start-ups in traditional clusters in Austria (Kern and Wolff, 2019[3]; Pisante and Donatelli, 2019 [4]; Wagner and Pöchhacker, 2019 [5]).…”

Public research and innovative entrepreneurship

“…It is therefore independent of university size. 14 Figure 6 indicates that academic founders mostly emanate from a set of frontier universities known as leaders in their field. Few universities account for a large percentage of academic founders.…”

“…Work on industry-science linkages is at the heart of TIP work for more than a decade; see for instance OECD (2013 [8]; 2003 [9]). The 2018-19 project focused on assessing the impacts of public research and mapping the policies in support of knowledge transfer (OECD, 2019 [10]; Guimon and Paunov, 2019 [11]; Borowiecki and Paunov, 2018 [12]; Borowiecki and Paunov, 2019 [13]; Paunov, Planes-Satorra and Moriguchi, 2017 [14]).…”