Inclusive Growth: Comprehensive Dimension of Income Distribution

Abstract

The article aims to solve the problem of unequal income distribution in Malaysia. Income inequality did not change significantly since 1990. Inclusive growth is an alternative way that can help the government overcome the unequal distribution of income. However, there are no measurements or detailed studies conducted in Malaysia. Moreover, the country’s distribution policy for the 2016–2030 period focuses on inclusive economic growth. Based on the above gaps, we constructed the Malaysia Inclusive Index and estimated the income distribution using this new composite index. To construct the index, we applied the Z-score method. We obtained data for this study from the World Development Indicator, Economic Planning Unit, Department of Statistics, Malaysia and annual reports from various ministries. The main research findings show yearon-year growth from 1990 to 2016, indicating that economic growth in Malaysia is increasingly inclusive. Therefore, to achieve inclusive and equitable economic growth in distribution, the government is advised to consider not only fiscal aspects, but also holistic components comprised of education, health, housing and employment of the B40 group (lower class). Simultaneously, the M40 group (middle class) should not be left out. Income distribution factors and the Malaysia Inclusive Index (MII) determinants such as investment, inflation, education and national income should be considered when developing national distribution policies, as these factors are crucial for inclusive growth in Malaysia

Проблемы Изменения Налогообложения Малого Бизнеса (На Примере Смоленской Области)

“…Отмена с 2021 года единого налога на вмененный доход для отдельных видов деятельности требует от применявших его налогоплательщиков выбора другого налогового режима. Поддержка малого бизнеса со стороны государства через налоговые механизмы осуществляется практически во всех странах [9,17,19,21]. При этом критерии отнесения бизнеса к субъектам малого предпринимательства уже претерпели существенные изменения в законодательстве, и в настоящее время есть расхождения в установлении параметров для целей налогообложения и общей трактовки понятия «малый бизнес» [2].…”