Inclusive development and prioritization of review questions in a highly controversial field of regulatory science

Spök, Armin; Racovita, Monica; Karner, Sandra; Adduci, Gloria; Smets, Greet; Rüdelsheim, Patrick; Kohl, Christian; Wilhelm, Ralf; Schiemann, Joachim

doi:10.1186/s13750-017-0113-z

Cited by 29 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 25 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…This systematic review follows the protocol previously published by Meissle et al [9]. Stakeholders from academic institutions, competent authorities, NGOs, and the private sector were involved in the development of the protocol and the discussion of preliminary results [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does the growing of Bt maize change abundance or ecological function of non-target animals compared to the growing of non-GM maize? A systematic review

2022

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Background Hundreds of studies on environmental effects of genetically modified (GM) crops became available over the past 25 years. For maize producing insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), potential adverse effects on non-target organisms are a major area of concern and addressed in risk assessments. Reviews and meta-analyses have helped various stakeholders to address uncertainties regarding environmental impacts of the technology. Many field studies from Europe and other parts of the world have been published in the last decade, and those data are often not covered by previous meta-analyses. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to answer the question: “Does the growing of Bt maize change abundance or ecological function of non-target animals compared to the growing of non-GM maize?” Methods Literature published until August 2019 was searched systematically in 12 bibliographic databases, 17 specialized webpages, and reference sections of 78 review articles. Defined eligibility criteria were applied to screen titles, abstracts, and full texts of the retrieved references. A custom-made database was developed with quantitative data on invertebrate abundance, activity density, or predation/parasitism rates. Eligible data that did not fit the quantitative database were captured in detailed tables and summarized narratively. For the first time, a critical appraisal scheme for field studies on non-targets in GM crops was developed to estimate the risk of bias (internal validity) and the suitability to answer the review question (external validity) of all primary data. Meta-analyses on different taxonomic levels, functional groups, and types of Bt maize were conducted. Untreated Bt maize was either compared with untreated non-Bt maize, or with insecticide-treated non-Bt maize. The influence of contributions by private sector product developers on reported effects was investigated. Review findings The database on non-target effects of Bt maize field trials contains more than 7200 records from 233 experiments and 120 articles. Meta-analyses on different taxonomic levels revealed only few and often non-robust significant effect sizes when both Bt maize and non-Bt maize were untreated. Bt maize harboured fewer parasitoids (Braconidae, Tachinidae) of the European corn borer, the main target pest of Lepidoptera-active Bt maize, compared with non-Bt maize. Similarly, sap beetles (Nitidulidae), that are associated with Lepidoptera damage, were recorded less in Bt maize. In some analyses, a negative effect of Bt maize was observed for rove beetles (Staphylinidae) and hoverflies (Syrphidae) and a positive effect for ladybeetles (Coccinellidae), flower bugs (Anthocoridae), and lacewings (Neuroptera). However, those effects were not consistent for different analyses and often related to individual articles. When untreated Bt maize was compared with pyrethroid-treated non-Bt maize, more effect sizes were significant. In particular, populations of predators were reduced after pyrethroid treatment, while few data were available for other insecticides. Funnel plots showed no evidence for publication bias and the analyses of private sector contribution revealed no evidence for influence of vested interests. Conclusions about potential effects of Bt maize on vertebrates or on animals inhabiting off-crop habitats were not possible, because only few such studies fitting the format of direct Bt/non-Bt comparisons on plot or field level were identified. Conclusions The current work largely confirmed previously published results. The effects of Bt maize on the community of non-target invertebrates inhabiting maize fields were small and mostly neutral, especially when compared with the effects of broad-spectrum pyrethroid insecticide treatments.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does the growing of Bt maize change abundance or ecological function of non-target animals compared to the growing of non-GM maize? A systematic review

2022

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Quality in Use Evaluation of a GraphQL Implementation

Quiña‐Mera

Fernández-Montes

García

et al. 2022

Emerging Research in Intelligent Systems

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The software development trend uses service-oriented software architecture (SOA), which provides efficiency, agility, and ease of growth. The architectural design most commonly used in SOA application development is REST (Representational State Transfer); however, some data management problems have been identified in its Application Programming Interface called API-REST. Several technological options have emerged to appease these problems, such as SPARQL, Cypher, Gremlin, and the most popular GraphQL. GraphQL was developed by Facebook in 2012 and released in 2015 to the community as an opensource project, used by companies such as GitHub, Airbnb, Amazon, Apollo, IBM, and Facebook. The goal of this research is to demonstrate whether GraphQL implementations work. Therefore, we based the research design on Design Science Research (DSR) to evaluate the qualityin-use of a GraphQL implementation that automated the systematic mapping studies (SMS) process for technology researchers at Universidad Técnica del Norte -Ecuador. We used the ISO/IEC 25000 series of standards to evaluate the quality in use; the results showed that the implementation met 84.11% of the established quality model's expected value. The detailed evaluation by quality characteristics was: Effectiveness 96.62%, Efficiency 78.90%, and Satisfaction 70.26%.

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Internet of Things Applications for Cold Chain Vaccine Tracking: A Systematic Literature Review

Garcia

Souza

2023

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing

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Inclusive development and prioritization of review questions in a highly controversial field of regulatory science

Cited by 29 publications

References 25 publications

Does the growing of Bt maize change abundance or ecological function of non-target animals compared to the growing of non-GM maize? A systematic review

Does the growing of Bt maize change abundance or ecological function of non-target animals compared to the growing of non-GM maize? A systematic review

Quality in Use Evaluation of a GraphQL Implementation

Internet of Things Applications for Cold Chain Vaccine Tracking: A Systematic Literature Review

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