“…The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) suggests spectrophotometry UV in aqueous acid solution, λ max = 245 nm, as reference method for its quantification. The UV-visible spectrum is showed in Figure 1 (El-Kemary et al 2011; Gyamlani & Parikh 2002). Figure 1
UV - visible spectrum of acetaminophen in SGF at pH 1.2.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Several studies, both in vitro and in vivo have demonstrated the capacity of activated carbon to adsorb numerous toxic compounds (Neuvonen & Olkkola 1989; Alaspaa et al 2000; Ho et al 1989; Pond 1986; McGoodwin & Schaeffer 2000; Cooper et al 2005; Hoegberg et al 2003; Modi et al 1994; Hoegberg et al 2002; El-Kemary et al 2011). The 1-15acetaminophen ( N- acetyl- p- aminophenol) is a drug with analgesic properties, without clinically significant anti-inflammatory properties.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Chemical heterogeneity is associated to different functional groups at a surface (mainly oxygen) and to various surface contaminants. Both heterogeneities contribute to unique adsorption properties of activated carbons (Neuvonen & Olkkola 1989; Alaspaa et al 2000; Ho et al 1989; Pond 1986; McGoodwin & Schaeffer 2000; Cooper et al 2005; Hoegberg et al 2003; Modi et al 1994; Hoegberg et al 2002; El-Kemary et al 2011; American Academy of Clinical Toxicology (AACT); European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists (EAPCCT) 1999; Bryant et al 2003; Neuvonen et al 1984; Neuvonen 1982; Neuvonen & Olkkola 1984; Yamamoto et al 2007). The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of AC to remove acetaminophen dissolved in simulated gastric fluid (SGF).…”
Samples of commercial activated carbons (AC) obtained from different sources: Norit E Supra USP, Norit B Test EUR, and ML (Baracoa, Cuba) were investigated. The adsorption of acetaminophen, Co = 2500 mg/L, occured in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) at pH 1.2 in contact with activated carbon for 4 h at 310 K in water bath with stirring. Residual acetaminophen was monitored by UV visible. The results were converted to scale adsorption isotherms using alternative models: Langmuir TI and TII, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich (DR) and Temkin. Linearized forms of the characteristic parameters were obtained in each case. The models that best fit the experimental data were Langmuir TI and Temkin with R2 ≥0.98. The regression best fits followed the sequence: Langmuir TI = Temkin > DR > LangmuirTII > Freundlich. The microporosity determined by adsorption of CO2 at 273 K with a single term DR regression presented R2 > 0.98. The adsorption of acetaminophen may occur in specific sites and also in the basal region. It was determined that the adsorption process of acetaminophen on AC in SGF is spontaneous (ΔG <0) and exothermic (−ΔHads.). Moreover, the area occupied by the acetaminophen molecule was calculated with a relative error from 7.8 to 50%.
“…The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) suggests spectrophotometry UV in aqueous acid solution, λ max = 245 nm, as reference method for its quantification. The UV-visible spectrum is showed in Figure 1 (El-Kemary et al 2011; Gyamlani & Parikh 2002). Figure 1
UV - visible spectrum of acetaminophen in SGF at pH 1.2.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Several studies, both in vitro and in vivo have demonstrated the capacity of activated carbon to adsorb numerous toxic compounds (Neuvonen & Olkkola 1989; Alaspaa et al 2000; Ho et al 1989; Pond 1986; McGoodwin & Schaeffer 2000; Cooper et al 2005; Hoegberg et al 2003; Modi et al 1994; Hoegberg et al 2002; El-Kemary et al 2011). The 1-15acetaminophen ( N- acetyl- p- aminophenol) is a drug with analgesic properties, without clinically significant anti-inflammatory properties.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Chemical heterogeneity is associated to different functional groups at a surface (mainly oxygen) and to various surface contaminants. Both heterogeneities contribute to unique adsorption properties of activated carbons (Neuvonen & Olkkola 1989; Alaspaa et al 2000; Ho et al 1989; Pond 1986; McGoodwin & Schaeffer 2000; Cooper et al 2005; Hoegberg et al 2003; Modi et al 1994; Hoegberg et al 2002; El-Kemary et al 2011; American Academy of Clinical Toxicology (AACT); European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists (EAPCCT) 1999; Bryant et al 2003; Neuvonen et al 1984; Neuvonen 1982; Neuvonen & Olkkola 1984; Yamamoto et al 2007). The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of AC to remove acetaminophen dissolved in simulated gastric fluid (SGF).…”
Samples of commercial activated carbons (AC) obtained from different sources: Norit E Supra USP, Norit B Test EUR, and ML (Baracoa, Cuba) were investigated. The adsorption of acetaminophen, Co = 2500 mg/L, occured in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) at pH 1.2 in contact with activated carbon for 4 h at 310 K in water bath with stirring. Residual acetaminophen was monitored by UV visible. The results were converted to scale adsorption isotherms using alternative models: Langmuir TI and TII, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich (DR) and Temkin. Linearized forms of the characteristic parameters were obtained in each case. The models that best fit the experimental data were Langmuir TI and Temkin with R2 ≥0.98. The regression best fits followed the sequence: Langmuir TI = Temkin > DR > LangmuirTII > Freundlich. The microporosity determined by adsorption of CO2 at 273 K with a single term DR regression presented R2 > 0.98. The adsorption of acetaminophen may occur in specific sites and also in the basal region. It was determined that the adsorption process of acetaminophen on AC in SGF is spontaneous (ΔG <0) and exothermic (−ΔHads.). Moreover, the area occupied by the acetaminophen molecule was calculated with a relative error from 7.8 to 50%.
“…To this purpose, electrochemical behavior of APAP (1) was studied in the absence and presence of DFMO (2). In addition, due to host-guest property of β-cyclodextrin especially for acetaminophen [37][38][39][40], we designed an electrochemical sensor based on β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) modified glassy carbon electrode capable of improving sensitivity, linearity and limit of detection (LOD) of DFMO (2) in comparison with bare GCE.…”
In the present work, the oxidation of acetaminophen in the absence and presence of eflornithine was electrochemically investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry at a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Our results indicate that N‐acetyl‐p‐benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) produced from two‐electron electrochemical oxidation of acetaminophen participates in a Michael addition reaction with eflornithine via an ECE mechanism. This fact was used for the determination of eflornithine using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique on the surface of β‐Cyclodextrin modified glassy carbon (β‐CD/GC) electrode. β‐CD/GC electrode was prepared through an electrodeposition procedure and characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. Under optimum conditions, the β‐CD/GC electrode showed a good linearity as a function of the eflornithine concentration over the range from 5 to 100 μM with detection limit and quantification limit of 1.94 and 5.8 μM, respectively. Finally, the proposed protocol was confirmed to be successful in determination of eflornithine in human urine samples with good recovery, ranging from 97.2 % to 104.8 %.
“…6,7) One CD, βCD is reported to form inclusion complexes with AAP and βCD is reported to improve the water solubility of AAP. 8) We have verified that use of inclusion complexes results in improved solubility of AAP.…”
The current study used 3 types of carrageenan (denoted here as Car)-κ, ι, and λ-to prepare a jelly vehicle for acetaminophen (AAP), and then compared their usefulness as jelly vehicles. The rheological characteristics of each preparation were assessed and then drug elution from the preparation was assessed using dissolution testing. The behavior of each preparation when immersed in water was also examined using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in order to better understand the drug elution behaviour of each preparation. Viscoelasticity measurements revealed that 0.75 w/v%-ι-Car and 1.25 w/v%-λ-Car had viscoelasticity values equivalent to that of 0.5 w/v%-κ-Car. Dissolution testing of these 3 preparations indicated that 100% drug elution took 45 min with 0.5 w/v%-κ-Car while it took only 5 min with 0.75 w/v%-ι-Car and 1.25 w/v%-λ-Car. When deuterium oxide was added to κ-Car 0.5%, the MRI images darkened overall starting immediately after addition. The images revealed that the sample and deuterium oxide quickly mixed. In contrast, images revealed that deuterium oxide gradually penetrated κ-Car 1.0%. MRI images had uniform contrast, and deuterium oxide took 6 h or longer to penetrate the samples overall. These findings suggest that water is less apt to penetrate a jelly with an increased car concentration and a denser 3-dimensional network structure. Differences in the structure of car are said to result in better gelling, with κ having the best gelling characteristics, followed by ι and then λ. Thus, this paper discusses the role that vehicle gelling strength plays in the elution of acetaminophen.
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