“…It is of interest to note in light of the research to be described below that the use of subliminal stimuli as a means of investigating unconscious processes was introduced into contemporary psychology by a group of psychoanalytically oriented researchers, beginning with Fisher's pioneering contributions in the fifties (Fisher, 1954(Fisher, , 1956(Fisher, , 1957. Shortly thereafter, Dixon in England followed Fisher's lead (Dixon, 1956(Dixon, , 1958a, as did researchers at the Research Center for Mental Health at New York University (Klein, Spence, Holt, & Gourevitch 1958;Klein & Holt, 1960;Eagle, 1959;Eagle, Wolitzky, & Klein, 1966;Pine, 1960Pine, , 1961Spence, 1961Spence, , 1964 and researchers at the Menninger Foundation (Luborsky & Shevrin, 1956;Shevrin & Luborsky, 1958;Stross & Shevrin, 1962. These early studies were criticized by behaviorists such as Goldiamond (1958) and Eriksen (1960) on some of the same methodological grounds as Holender (1986) has more recently revived.…”