Incidental or Intentional? Different Brain Responses to One's Own Action Sounds in Hurdling vs. Tap Dancing

Too Late! Influence of Temporal Delay on the Neural Processing of One’s Own Incidental and Intentional Action-Induced Sounds

“…One participant was excluded from the final analysis because their reaction times recorded during the fMRI session diverged more than two standard deviations from the mean reaction time on a group level, leaving 12 participants (eight females, four males) for the analysis. This is a relatively small sample size, but we found robust results in our preceding fMRI study using the same sample size (Heins et al, 2020). The participants' age ranged from 19 to 28 years (M = 22.1, SD = 3.0), and all of them were right-handed, as assessed by the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI; Oldfield, 1971), with scores varying from +60 to +100, with a mean of +85.…”

“…Under the premise that neural mechanisms involved in processing auditory feedback during performance would overlap with those involved in auditory feedback during audiovisual action observation, we presented audiovisual videos of hurdling and tap-dancing performance in a previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. We found sensory attenuation to be less pronounced for B sounds compared to G sounds, and higher cortical areas, especially the SMA, were more strongly involved in the processing of G compared to B sounds (Heins et al, 2020). Thus, B actions may entail less predictive activity in the auditory system, and B sounds may be less relevant for adjusting forward models compared to G sounds.…”

“…For the fMRI session, a subset of 48 individual hurdling and 48 tap-dancing videos was selected for each participant. This subset included the 27 hurdling and 27 tap-dancing videos from our previous fMRI study (Heins et al, 2020), and 21 additional videos per action type, choosing the videos with the most reliable ratings, provided by the participants in the behavioral test-retest sessions (as described in detail in the section "Behavioral Test and Retest Sessions").…”

“…Four participants dropped out of the study after the training and one additional participant after the first fMRI session (Heins et al, 2020). Hence, 13 participants completed this fMRI session.…”

“…In 61.76% of the chosen videos, ratings varied by a score of either +1 or −1 in one or two of the repetitions (ratings diverging in one direction), and in 21.72% of the chosen videos, ratings varied by a score of ±1 (ratings diverging in both directions). Note that, as explained above, 27 hurdling videos and 27 tap dancing videos were used in a preceding fMRI study (Heins et al, 2020).…”