Incidental framing effects and associative processes: a study of attribute frames in broadcast news stories

Schneider, Sandra L.; Burke, Monica D.; Solomonson, Andrew L.; Laurion, Suzanne

doi:10.1002/bdm.500

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…For instance, a medical treatment with “80% survival” tends to be evaluated as more favorable than a treatment with “20% mortality.” Such a valence‐consistent choice shift may be due to associative properties of encoding. It has been extensively documented in media research (Pan & Kosicki, ; Schneider, Burke, Solomonson & Laurion, ) and has also been found for the evaluation of single risky gambles. Thus, gambles are evaluated more positively when they are described in terms of the probability of winning rather than of the probability of losing (e.g., Levin, Johnson, Deldin, Carstens, Cressey & Davis, ; Levin, Snyder & Chapman, ).…”

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confidence: 94%

Choice, Rating, and Ranking: Framing Effects with Different Response Modes

Kühberger

Gradl

2011

Behavioral Decision Making

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In a typical risky choice framing task, people have to choose among two options, which are either positively or negatively framed. Choices in the two framing conditions are then compared. However, different preferences between the conditions can be due to changes in the evaluation of the single constituent options or due to specific processes triggered by the choice task. In order to clarify the source of the framing effect, we investigate the effect with different response modes: choice, rating, and ranking. The rating and ranking findings indicate that what is commonly called a risky choice framing effect is actually a framing effect that changes the evaluation of only the riskless option, although there is little or no effect on the risky option. According to these findings, risky choice framing might be construed as a process of attribute framing, which is independent of risk preference in choice contexts. ParticipantsParticipants were 138 students (89, i.e., 65% female and 49 male) of different disciplines of the University of Salzburg. Figure 3. Experiment 3-choice/effectiveness ratings (left) and emotion ratings (right). Error bars indicate two standard errors 114Journal of Behavioral Decision Making

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confidence: 94%

Choice, Rating, and Ranking: Framing Effects with Different Response Modes

Kühberger

Gradl

2011

Behavioral Decision Making

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“…While these descriptions seem to be true in exactly the same circumstances, they evoke different responses: speaking of the success rate generally yields more positive evaluations of the course than speaking of the failure rate, and leads to a stronger inclination to attend the course. These attitudinal and behavioral effects of attribute framing are known as the “valence-consistent shift” ( Levin et al, 1998 ; Schneider et al, 2005 ). On the assumption that the two expressions are equivalent, the valence-consistent shift is considered to be an irrational behavior of language users.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Framing Preference for Large and Increasing Components in Static and Dynamic Descriptions

2021

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Describing sets in terms of a two-valued variable, either value can be chosen: exam results may be referred to by pass rates or fail rates. What determines such framing choices? Building on work by McKenzie and colleagues on reference points in the production and interpretation of framed information, we investigate two determinants of frame choice. One is that speakers tend to focus on the component that has increased vis-à-vis a previous state, the other is the tendency to choose the component larger than 50%. We propose to view reference points as pointing to different kinds of communicative relevance. Hence the use of the previous state and the 50% reference points by speakers is not just a function of the information, but is co-determined by a communicative cue in the context: the question being asked about this information. This line of thought is supported by two experiments containing items offering two-sided distribution information at two points in time. Our first experiment employs a static task, requiring a description of the most recent situation. The second experiment uses a dynamic task, asking participants to describe the development between the two time points. We hypothesize that in static tasks the component size is the strongest frame choice determinant, while in dynamic tasks frame choice is mainly driven by whether a component has increased. The experiments consist of 16 different scenarios, both with symmetrical contrasts (i.e., dogs vs. cats) and with asymmetrical ones (i.e., winning vs. losing). Both experiments support the hypotheses. In the static task, the size effect is the only consistent effect; in the dynamic task, the effect of direction of change is much larger than that of size. This pattern of differences between size and change effects applies across symmetrical and asymmetrical contrasts. Our experiments shed light on cognitive and communicative regularities involved in the production of framed messages: people do tend to prefer larger and increasing components when choosing a frame, but the relative strength of both these preferences depends on the communicative task.

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“…Even merely describing the same critical information in either a positive or a negative light constitutes an attribute frame (Schneider et al, 2005). The same vaccination uptake rate, for NEGATIVITY IN NEWS MEDIA REPORTS OF VACCINE RATES 5 example, may be either positively (as high as 50% vaccinated) or negatively valenced (only 50% vaccinated).…”

Section: Framing In News Stories About Vaccinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Negativity in online news coverage of vaccination rates in Serbia: A content analysis

Lazić¹,

Žeželj²

2021

Preprint

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The news media can influence how the public and policymakers feel about vaccination. Perhaps under the impression that such messages can be fear-inducing and thus mobilizing, the media often laments low immunization rates. This could, however, activate a powerful descriptive social norm (“many people are not getting vaccinated”) and may be especially ill-advised in the absence of a herd-immunity explanation (that if enough people have immunity through vaccination, the virus is contained). To identify typical media practices, we analyzed the content of 160 vaccination-related news stories by nine highest-trafficked news websites in Serbia, published July–December 2017, around the start of the measles outbreak. We coded both the news story as a whole and every vaccination-rate mention (N = 339). News stories framed current vaccination rates and changes in vaccination rates in a predominantly negative way (175/241 and 67/98, respectively) (e.g., “only 50% vaccinated”, “fewer parents vaccinating their children”). A total of 24/86 of news stories mentioning vaccination rates did not provide any numerical values. Reference groups for vaccination rates were rarely specified. Out of the 32 news stories mentioning the term herd or collective immunity, 11 explained the effect. We show that even routine communication of vaccination rates can be biased through (often negatively valenced) attribute frames and imprecise descriptions. We provide initial recommendations for news media organizations and journalists, including strategies to promote positive dynamic norms and prescriptive norms and explain benefits of herd immunity.

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Incidental framing effects and associative processes: a study of attribute frames in broadcast news stories

Cited by 9 publications

References 34 publications

Choice, Rating, and Ranking: Framing Effects with Different Response Modes

Choice, Rating, and Ranking: Framing Effects with Different Response Modes

The Framing Preference for Large and Increasing Components in Static and Dynamic Descriptions

Negativity in online news coverage of vaccination rates in Serbia: A content analysis

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