Incident energy dependence of blistering at tungsten irradiated by low energy high flux deuterium plasma beams

Influence of near-surface blisters on deuterium transport in tungsten

“…The appearance of blisters is influenced by many different parameters, e.g. sample temperature [6,7], ion energy [8], ion flux [9,10], ion fluence [8], grain orientation [11], material grade [12] and surface finish [13]. As large as the parameter space which determines blistering, as large is the variety of shapes in which blisters occur.…”

Dissolution and diffusion of hydrogen in a molybdenum grain boundary: A first-principles investigation

“…In future fusion reactors, plasma facing materials (PFMs) should withstand irradiation from low energy (0-100 eV) and high fluxes (>10 24 /m 2 s) of hydrogen (H) isotopes, helium plasma and neutrons with high energy of 14.2 MeV [1,2]. The plasma and neutron irradiation will initiate radiation damages such as surface blistering and displacement cascades into PFMs, leading to the property degradation [1][2][3][4].…”

“…The plasma and neutron irradiation will initiate radiation damages such as surface blistering and displacement cascades into PFMs, leading to the property degradation [1][2][3][4]. Choice of materials for PFMs is thus a key issue for the ultimate realization of fusion energy.…”

“…In fact, during the operation of fusion reactors, Mo-based PFMs will be exposed to high fluxes of H isotopes plasma, thus the unwanted H bubble formation and blistering are key issues that influence the service performance of Mo as PFMs [4,[5][6][7][8]. H bubble formation is believed to be directly associated with the accumulation of H to defects including vacancy, dislocation and grain boundary in metals [1][2][3][4], which has been tentatively reviewed in Lu et al [9]. Vacancies in metals have already been demonstrated to be trapping centers for H by serious of experimental works [1,4,10] and theoretical studies [11][12][13][14][15].…”

Investigating permeation and transport of H isotopes in tungsten by first-principles

“…Much recent efforts have been devoted to understanding the interaction of H with W between experiment [3][4][5][6][7] and simulation [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. We know that the implanted H ions can easily diffuse into the inner of metal and they will eventually find the suitable trapping sites and collect [20,21], leading to the nucleation and growth of H blistering [22,23].…”