Incidencia de las leucemias agudas en niños de la ciudad de México, de 1982 a 1991

Mejı́a-Aranguré, Juan Manuel; Fajardo-Gutiérrez, Arturo; Bernáldez-Rı́os, Roberto; Paredes‐Aguilera, Rogelio; Flores-Aguilar, Hilario; Martínez-García, María del Carmen

doi:10.1590/s0036-36342000000500009

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…These findings coincide with the present study, in which farmers were found to be an occupation with high risks in all four periods. Moreover, those data coincide with the fact that the incidence of AL is higher in the southwestern part of Mexico City, where there are still agricultural zones [ 53 ]. In another study that used exposure windows, an association was found only for the father's exposure to plastic materials during period prior to conception [ 54 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Father's occupational exposure to carcinogenic agents and childhood acute leukemia: a new method to assess exposure (a case-control study)

et al. 2008

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BackgroundMedical research has not been able to establish whether a father's occupational exposures are associated with the development of acute leukemia (AL) in their offspring. The studies conducted have weaknesses that have generated a misclassification of such exposure. Occupations and exposures to substances associated with childhood cancer are not very frequently encountered in the general population; thus, the reported risks are both inconsistent and inaccurate. In this study, to assess exposure we used a new method, an exposure index, which took into consideration the industrial branch, specific position, use of protective equipment, substances at work, degree of contact with such substances, and time of exposure. This index allowed us to obtain a grade, which permitted the identification of individuals according to their level of exposure to known or potentially carcinogenic agents that are not necessarily specifically identified as risk factors for leukemia. The aim of this study was to determine the association between a father's occupational exposure to carcinogenic agents and the presence of AL in their offspring.MethodsFrom 1999 to 2000, a case-control study was performed with 193 children who reside in Mexico City and had been diagnosed with AL. The initial sample-size calculation was 150 children per group, assessed with an expected odds ratio (OR) of three and a minimum exposure frequency of 15.8%. These children were matched by age, sex, and institution with 193 pediatric surgical patients at secondary-care hospitals. A questionnaire was used to determine each child's background and the characteristics of the father's occupation(s). In order to determine the level of exposure to carcinogenic agents, a previously validated exposure index (occupational exposure index, OEI) was used. The consistency and validity of the index were assessed by a questionnaire comparison, the sensory recognition of the work area, and an expert's opinion.ResultsThe adjusted ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were 1.69 (0.98, 2.92) during the preconception period; 1.98 (1.13, 3.45) during the index pregnancy; 2.11 (1.17, 3.78) during breastfeeding period; 2.17 (1.28, 3.66) after birth; and 2.06 (1.24, 3.42) for global exposure.ConclusionThis is the first study in which an OEI was used to assess a father's occupational exposure to carcinogenic agents as a risk factor for the development of childhood AL in his offspring. From our results, we conclude that children whose fathers have been exposed to a high level of carcinogenic agents seem to have a greater risk of developing acute leukemia. However, confounding factors cannot be disregarded due to an incomplete control for confounding.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Father's occupational exposure to carcinogenic agents and childhood acute leukemia: a new method to assess exposure (a case-control study)

et al. 2008

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“…Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2017]; Europe: Germany: 43.3; France: 35.8; United Kingdom: 37; Italy: 48.6; and Spain: 37.4) [Steliarova-Foucher et al, 2017]. Additionally, in Mexico City, the incidence of this type of cancer has increased in the last few decades [Fajardo-Gutiérrez et al, 1999Mejía-Aranguré et al, 2000. Several studies have identified a few risk factors for the disease, such as ionizing radiation and Down syndrome (DS), among others [Metayer et al, 2016;.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Mexico City, the incidence (per million) of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in children aged 0–14 years is among the highest reported worldwide (Mexico City: 49.5 [Pérez‐Saldivar et al, 2011]; US Whites: 35–37, US Hispanics: 46 [Howlader et al, 2011; U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2017]; Europe: Germany: 43.3; France: 35.8; United Kingdom: 37; Italy: 48.6; and Spain: 37.4) [Steliarova‐Foucher et al, 2017]. Additionally, in Mexico City, the incidence of this type of cancer has increased in the last few decades [Fajardo‐Gutiérrez et al, 1999, 2007; Mejía‐Aranguré et al, 2000, 2005]. Several studies have identified a few risk factors for the disease, such as ionizing radiation and Down syndrome (DS), among others [Metayer et al, 2016; Schüz and Erdmann, 2016].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extremely Low‐Frequency Magnetic Fields and the Risk of Childhood B‐Lineage Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in a City With High Incidence of Leukemia and Elevated Exposure to ELF Magnetic Fields

Núñez-Enríquez

Correa-Correa

Flores-Lujano

et al. 2020

Bioelectromagnetics

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It is important to study the relationship between extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) and childhood leukemia, particularly in locations with a high incidence of this neoplasm in children and an elevated exposure to ELF-MF, such as Mexico City. The aim was to investigate the association between ELF-MF exposure and the risk of B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). A case-control study was conducted in Mexico City during the period from 2010 to 2011. Residential 24-h ELF-MF measurements were obtained for 290 incident BALL patients and 407 controls, aged less than 16 years. Controls were frequency-matched by sex, age (±18 months), and health institution. The adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. ELF-MF exposure at <0.2 μT was used to define the reference group. ELF-MF exposure at ≥0.3 μT was observed in 11.3% of the controls. Different ELF-MF intensity cutoff values were used to define the highest exposure category; the highest exposure category for each cutoff value was associated with an increased risk of BALL compared with the corresponding lower exposure categories. The aORs were as follows: ≥0.2 μT = 1.26 (95% CI: 0.84-1.89); ≥0.3 μT = 1.53 (95% CI: 0.95-2.48); ≥0.4 μT = 1.87 (95% CI: 1.04-3.35); ≥0.5 μT = 1.80 (95% CI 0.95-3.44); ≥0.6 μT = 2.32 (95% CI: 1.10-4.93). ELF-MF exposure as a continuous variable (per 0.2 μT intervals) was associated with BALL risk (aOR = 1.06; 95% CI: 1.01-1.12). In the present study, the proportion of children exposed to ≥0.3 μT is among the highest reported worldwide. Additionally, an ELF-MF exposure ≥0.4 μT may be associated with the risk of BALL .

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“…Mexico's 43 million children, who represent approximately 44% of its total population, experience especially high prevalence and incidence of chronic conditions associated with hazardous environmental exposures. Increases in the incidence of acute lymphocytic leukemia in children have been observed in Mexico between 1982-1991 [ 8 ], and this increase has been sustained over the most recent period analyzed, 1996-2002 [ 9 , 10 ]. Among the chemicals linked to childhood cancer are benzene, 1,3-butadiene, and pesticides [ 11 - 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A qualitative analysis of environmental policy and children's health in Mexico

et al. 2010

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BackgroundSince Mexico's joining the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in 1994, it has witnessed rapid industrialization. A byproduct of this industrialization is increasing population exposure to environmental pollutants, of which some have been associated with childhood disease. We therefore identified and assessed the adequacy of existing international and Mexican governance instruments and policy tools to protect children from environmental hazards.MethodsWe first systematically reviewed PubMed, the Mexican legal code and the websites of the United Nations, World Health Organization, NAFTA and OECD as of July 2007 to identify the relevant governance instruments, and analyzed the approach these instruments took to preventing childhood diseases of environmental origin. Secondly, we interviewed a purposive sample of high-level government officials, researchers and non-governmental organization representatives, to identify their opinions and attitudes towards children's environmental health and potential barriers to child-specific protective legislation and implementation.ResultsWe identified only one policy tool describing specific measures to reduce developmental neurotoxicity and other children's health effects from lead. Other governance instruments mention children's unique vulnerability to ozone, particulate matter and carbon monoxide, but do not provide further details. Most interviewees were aware of Mexican environmental policy tools addressing children's health needs, but agreed that, with few exceptions, environmental policies do not address the specific health needs of children and pregnant women. Interviewees also cited state centralization of power, communication barriers and political resistance as reasons for the absence of a strong regulatory platform.ConclusionsThe Mexican government has not sufficiently accounted for children's unique vulnerability to environmental contaminants. If regulation and legislation are not updated and implemented to protect children, increases in preventable exposures to toxic chemicals in the environment may ensue.

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Incidencia de las leucemias agudas en niños de la ciudad de México, de 1982 a 1991

Cited by 9 publications

References 10 publications

Father's occupational exposure to carcinogenic agents and childhood acute leukemia: a new method to assess exposure (a case-control study)

Father's occupational exposure to carcinogenic agents and childhood acute leukemia: a new method to assess exposure (a case-control study)

Extremely Low‐Frequency Magnetic Fields and the Risk of Childhood B‐Lineage Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in a City With High Incidence of Leukemia and Elevated Exposure to ELF Magnetic Fields

A qualitative analysis of environmental policy and children's health in Mexico

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