Incidences, Case Fatality Rates and Epidemiology of Melioidosis Worldwide: A Review Paper

Fong, Jing Hong; Pillai, Naganathan; Yap, Christina Gertrude; Jahan, Nowrozy Kamar

doi:10.4236/oalib.1107537

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…The distribution of human cases mainly depends on the exposure to B. pseudomallei in contaminated environments [36]. The CFR varied between countries (8-60%) and the overall CFR was around 40% [37]. The highest number of reported human cases (n = 27,375) was in Thailand [4].…”

Section: Geographical Distribution Of Melioidosismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Epidemiology of Melioidosis and Its Association with Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2022

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Melioidosis is an under-recognized fatal disease in humans, caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. Globally, more than 35,000 human melioidosis cases have been reported since 1911. Soil acts as the natural reservoir of B. pseudomallei. Humans may become infected by this pathogen through direct contact with contaminated soil and/or water. Melioidosis commonly occurs in patients with diabetes mellitus, who increase the occurrence of melioidosis in a population. We carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate to what extent diabetes mellitus affects the patient in getting melioidosis. We selected 39 articles for meta-analysis. This extensive review also provided the latest updates on the global distribution, clinical manifestation, preexisting underlying diseases, and risk factors of melioidosis. Diabetes mellitus was identified as the predominant predisposing factor for melioidosis in humans. The overall proportion of melioidosis cases having diabetes was 45.68% (95% CI: 44.8–46.57, p < 0.001). Patients with diabetes mellitus were three times more likely to develop melioidosis than patients with no diabetes (RR 3.40, 95% CI: 2.92–3.87, p < 0.001). The other potential risk factors included old age, exposure to soil and water, preexisting underlying diseases (chronic kidney disease, lung disease, heart disease, and thalassemia), and agricultural activities. Evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for melioidosis in patients with diabetes mellitus may be developed and shared with healthcare professionals of melioidosis endemic countries to reduce morbidity.

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Section: Geographical Distribution Of Melioidosismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Epidemiology of Melioidosis and Its Association with Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2022

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“…The soil-dwelling saprophyte Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of the infectious disease melioidosis. With an estimated case fatality rate of approximately 35%, intrinsic resistance to many antibiotics, no FDA approved vaccine, and strong potential for respiratory infection, melioidosis is both a discernible public health concern and a potential threat to national security according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. , In fact, melioidosis accounts for 20% of all community-acquired sepsis, and 40% of sepsis-related fatality in endemic areas even with standard antibiotic treatments. − B. pseudomallei can also cause chronic infections lasting many years and is associated with intrahost evolution …”

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confidence: 99%

Metabolomics Analysis of Bacterial Pathogen Burkholderia thailandensis and Mammalian Host Cells in Co-culture

et al. 2022

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The Tier 1 HHS/USDA Select Agent Burkholderia pseudomallei is a bacterial pathogen that is highly virulent when introduced into the respiratory tract and intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics. Transcriptomic- and proteomic-based methodologies have been used to investigate mechanisms of virulence employed by B. pseudomallei and Burkholderia thailandensis, a convenient surrogate; however, analysis of the pathogen and host metabolomes during infection is lacking. Changes in the metabolites produced can be a result of altered gene expression and/or post-transcriptional processes. Thus, metabolomics complements transcriptomics and proteomics by providing a chemical readout of a biological phenotype, which serves as a snapshot of an organism’s physiological state. However, the poor signal from bacterial metabolites in the context of infection poses a challenge in their detection and robust annotation. In this study, we coupled mammalian cell culture-based metabolomics with feature-based molecular networking of mono- and co-cultures to annotate the pathogen’s secondary metabolome during infection of mammalian cells. These methods enabled us to identify several key secondary metabolites produced by B. thailandensis during infection of airway epithelial and macrophage cell lines. Additionally, the use of in silico approaches provided insights into shifts in host biochemical pathways relevant to defense against infection. Using chemical class enrichment analysis, for example, we identified changes in a number of host-derived compounds including immune lipids such as prostaglandins, which were detected exclusively upon pathogen challenge. Taken together, our findings indicate that co-culture of B. thailandensis with mammalian cells alters the metabolome of both pathogen and host and provides a new dimension of information for in-depth analysis of the host–pathogen interactions underlying Burkholderia infection.

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Incidences, Case Fatality Rates and Epidemiology of Melioidosis Worldwide: A Review Paper

Cited by 2 publications

References 52 publications

The Epidemiology of Melioidosis and Its Association with Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

The Epidemiology of Melioidosis and Its Association with Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Metabolomics Analysis of Bacterial Pathogen Burkholderia thailandensis and Mammalian Host Cells in Co-culture

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