Incidence, Prevalence, and Classification

Haalboom, J. R. E.; Everdingen, J.J.E. van; Cullum, Nicky

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-60509-3_3

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…These locations correspond to the susceptible locations mentioned in the literature (Kemp et al ., 1990; Webster, 1993; Papantonio et al ., 1994; Grous et al ., 1997). Other studies also mention the knees as a location in patients undergoing surgery in a prone position (Hoshowsky & Schramm, 1994; Haalboom et al ., 1997). Of the 18 patients who underwent such surgery, none developed pressure ulcers on the knees.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of pressure ulcers due to surgery

Schoonhoven

Defloor

Grypdonck

2002

Journal of Clinical Nursing

127

111

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Patients undergoing surgery are prone to develop pressure ulcers during the surgical procedure. The aim of the study was to gain insight into the problem by describing the incidence, clinical features and progression of pressure ulcers and closed pressure ulcers in patients undergoing surgery lasting more than 4 hours. A prospective follow-up study was conducted in a university hospital in the Netherlands. Two-hundred and eight patients from nine surgical specialities were included in the study. The skin of patients was observed the evening before surgery and, if the patient's condition allowed it, directly postoperatively and subsequently daily for 14 days or until discharge, whichever occurred first. When patients developed a pressure ulcer they were observed daily until discharge or until the pressure ulcer had healed. The size and colour of the lesion, stage and skin condition were described every day. In addition, data were collected concerning the operation, postoperative period, and general characteristics. Forty-four patients (21.2%) developed 70 pressure ulcers in the first 2 days following surgery. Twenty-one pressure ulcers deteriorated in the days following surgery. More than half (52.9%) of the lesions developed on the heels, and 15.7% developed in the sacral area. Twenty-five patients (12%) were impaired by the lesions they developed. None of the patients in the study developed closed pressure ulcers. Pressure ulcer development during a surgical procedure is a serious problem. Therefore, preventive measures should be taken during surgery and the first few days afterwards, until the patient is able to mobilize independently.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence of pressure ulcers due to surgery

Schoonhoven

Defloor

Grypdonck

2002

Journal of Clinical Nursing

127

111

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“…2000). The pressure ulcers were staged according to the four stages of the AHCPR (AHCPR, 1992; Haalboom et al ., 1997), defining stage 1 as non‐blanchable discolouration. The pressure ulcers were examined by using a round convex glass with a diameter of 6 cm.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pressure ulcers are generally classified into four stages, with stage 1 defined as a non‐blanchable discoloration of the intact skin (AHCPR, 1992; Haalboom et al ., 1997; EPUAP, 1998). However, non‐blanchable discoloration is difficult to diagnose, especially in people with a highly pigmented skin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relevance of the diagnosis ‘stage 1 pressure ulcer’: an empirical study of the clinical course of stage 1 ulcers in acute care and long‐term care hospital populations

Halfens

Bours

Ast

2001

Journal of Clinical Nursing

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• Stage 1 pressure ulcers are difficult to diagnose. Several prevalence studies have shown that almost half of the pressure ulcers identified are stage 1. The present study investigated the importance of stage 1. The following research questions were formulated: Is there a difference between the prevalence of stage 1 pressure ulcers identified in the institutions participating in the present study and that found in the other institutions participating in the Dutch National Prevalence Survey? What percentage of stage 1 pressure ulcers are reversible within a few hours? What is the clinical course of stage 1 pressure ulcers? Which patient characteristics and preventive interventions are related to the clinical course of stage 1? • The study used a prospective, descriptive and comparative design. • All patients of six long‐term care hospitals and six acute care hospitals in whom stage 1 pressure ulcers were identified during the 1999 National Prevalence Survey in the Netherlands were followed for 1 week (acute care hospitals; n=68 patients) or 2 weeks (long‐term care hospitals; n=115 patients). • The patients were reassessed using the questionnaire developed for the National Prevalence Survey (patient characteristics, assessment of risk of pressure ulcers, characteristics of the pressure ulcers and use of preventive methods) on the same day as the national survey itself, and again after 3 days, after 7 days and after 14 days (only long‐term care hospitals). • The results showed fewer stage 1 pressure ulcers in the institutions participating in the present study than in the National Prevalence Survey, the difference being almost 50%. The first reassessment found the prevalence of stage 1 to be further reduced by an average of almost 50%, a reduction which was greater for the long‐term care hospitals than for the acute care hospitals. However, some of the ulcers that had disappeared reappeared in subsequent reassessments. • In the long‐term care hospitals, 8.7% of the stage 1 pressure ulcers deteriorated to a higher stage, vs. 22.1% in acute care hospitals. • No significant patient characteristics were found to affect the course of stage 1, except that women in acute care hospitals more often had a stage 1 pressure ulcer at the first reassessment than men. • In general, patients whose stage 1 ulcer deteriorated were undergoing more preventive interventions; not all differences were significant. • We conclude that, although stage 1 is reversible in most cases, it can be interpreted as an important warning sign for nurses and patients to act. If no adequate interventions are applied, the pressure ulcer may deteriorate.

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“…Shea differentiated five categories: the category ‘Closed Pressure Sore’ indicating a deep tissue injury beneath intact skin and the grades I–IV with increasing numbers indicating more severe tissue damage (Table 1). During the following years this classification was modified several times and new classification systems (Table 1) were introduced with varying numbers of categories (Reid & Morison 1994, Healey 1996, Haalboom et al 1997). The National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel of the United States (1989, 1997) and the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (1998) proposed the two most widely used PU classifications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%