Incidence of Tuberculosis in the United States among HIV-Infected Persons

Markowitz, Norman; Hansen, Nellie I.; Hopewell, Philip C.; Glassroth, Jeffrey; Kvale, Paul A.; Mangura, Bonita T.; Wilcosky, Timothy; Wallace, Jeanne M.; Rosen, Mark J.; Reichman, Lee B.

doi:10.7326/0003-4819-126-2-199701150-00005

Cited by 203 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Conversely, in the USA and Western Europe, a decline in the incidence of TB in HIV-infected patients has been observed in the last decades; however, remarkable regional differences have been found in Europe, with rates four to seven times higher in southwest Europe than in other European regions [96,97].…”

Section: Tb and Other Mycobacteriosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulmonary infections in HIV-infected patients: an update in the 21st century

Benito¹,

Moreno²,

Miró³

et al. 2011

European Respiratory Journal

175

216

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

From the first descriptions of HIV/AIDS, the lung has been the site most frequently affected by the disease. Most patients develop a pulmonary complication during the history of HIV infection, mainly of infectious aetiology.Important changes in the epidemiology of HIV-related pulmonary infections have occurred. Overall, prescription of Pneumocystis jirovecii prophylaxis and the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are the main causes.Currently, the most frequent diagnosis in developed countries is bacterial pneumonia, especially pneumococcal pneumonia, the second most frequent cause is Pneumocystis pneumonia and the third is tuberculosis. However, in Africa, tuberculosis could be the most common pulmonary complication of HIV.Pulmonary infections remain one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in these patients, and the first cause of hospital admission in the HAART era. Achieving an aetiological diagnosis of pulmonary infection in these patients is important due to its prognostic consequences.

show abstract

Section: Tb and Other Mycobacteriosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulmonary infections in HIV-infected patients: an update in the 21st century

Benito¹,

Moreno²,

Miró³

et al. 2011

European Respiratory Journal

175

216

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Similar correlation was reported by other Indian and foreign studies. 14,15,16 Since HIV/AIDS leads to immunosuppression, it is strongest of all known risk factors for development of TB. Thus, the patients who have CD4 count <350 cells/ μl have significantly more chances of acquiring TB (p=0.001) confirming further the importance ofCD4 counts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Hiv Positive Individuals and Its Association With Cd 4 Count

Mishra¹,

Mishra²,

Rukadikar³

et al. 2015

jemds

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

PURPOSE:There is grave concern regarding increase in HIV associated Tuberculosis (TB) and emergence of Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) and Extremely Drug Resistant (XDR) TB. It is essential to know prevalence of TB in HIV patients and its association with CD4 count. MATERIAL & METHODS: A total of 362 patients were screened for Pulmonary TB of which 85 (23.48%) were diagnosed as Pulmonary TB by radiology, Ziehl Neelson (ZN) smear and culture. Results: It was commoner in males (28.76%), almost equal in urban (23.64%) & rural (22.45%) people and more frequent in laborers (34.12%). Culture was positive in 34 (40%) out of 85 Pulmonary TB patients of which 33 were M. tuberculosis and one was Rapid grower. The results of the study emphasize that coinfection of TB in HIV/AIDS patients is a concern. There is direct correlation between CD4 counts depletion and Pulmonary TB in HIV/AIDS patient. Hence, regular monitoring of these patients is warranted.

show abstract

“…Attesting to the importance of CD4 T cells in host defenses during LTBI, the risk of TB reactivation increases dramatically in patients with HIV coinfection, from 5 to 10% per lifetime in immunocompetent hosts to as high as 10% annually in coinfected patients (106), and the risk of TB reactivation rises as the CD4 cell count declines (107)(108)(109)(110).…”

Section: Cd4 T Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Latent Tuberculosis Infection: Myths, Models, and Molecular Mechanisms

Dutta

Karakousis

2014

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

195

174

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARY The aim of this review is to present the current state of knowledge on human latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) based on clinical studies and observations, as well as experimental in vitro and animal models. Several key terms are defined, including “latency,” “persistence,” “dormancy,” and “antibiotic tolerance.” Dogmas prevalent in the field are critically examined based on available clinical and experimental data, including the long-held beliefs that infection is either latent or active, that LTBI represents a small population of nonreplicating, “dormant” bacilli, and that caseous granulomas are the haven for LTBI. The role of host factors, such as CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, T regulatory cells, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and gamma interferon (IFN-γ), in controlling TB infection is discussed. We also highlight microbial regulatory and metabolic pathways implicated in bacillary growth restriction and antibiotic tolerance under various physiologically relevant conditions. Finally, we pose several clinically important questions, which remain unanswered and will serve to stimulate future research on LTBI.

show abstract

Incidence of Tuberculosis in the United States among HIV-Infected Persons

Cited by 203 publications

References 0 publications

Pulmonary infections in HIV-infected patients: an update in the 21st century

Pulmonary infections in HIV-infected patients: an update in the 21st century

Prevalence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Hiv Positive Individuals and Its Association With Cd 4 Count

Latent Tuberculosis Infection: Myths, Models, and Molecular Mechanisms

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About