Incidence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder after Coronavirus Disease

Lee, Hee Jin; Park, Donghwi

doi:10.3390/healthcare8040373

Cited by 70 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…Our prevalence rates are in the lower range of the 7-34%, which was reported in other cohorts of COVID-19 survivors following hospitalization at comparable time points [6][7][8][18][19][20][21], and much lower than the 96% reported during hospitalization in a study using the PCL-C, a civilian version of a PTSD questionnaire based on DSM-IV [22]. Two of the studies also comprised both hospitalized and non-hospitalized subjects [7,21].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 58%

“…The few follow-up studies of survivors 1-3 months after COVID-19 hospitalizations have reported significant PTSD symptoms among 12-22%, as measured by the PTSD symptom checklist for DSM 5 (PCL-5) [6][7][8]. Non-hospitalized subjects constitute a much larger patient group than those hospitalized, and to the best of our knowledge, no previous study has assessed PTSD symptoms several months after COVID-19 in a consecutive sample of both hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients in a population-based study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress in Hospitalized and Non-Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients

Einvik

Dammen

Ghanima

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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This population-based study assessed the prevalence and determinants of symptom-defined post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a cohort of hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients about 1.5–6 months after their COVID-19 onset. The data were acquired from two mixed postal/web surveys in June–September 2020 from patients all aged ≥18 years with a positive polymerase chain reaction for severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) until 1 June 2020, comprising both hospitalized and non-hospitalized subjects. The catchment areas of the two included hospitals covers about 17% of the population of Norway. In total, 211 hospitalized and 938 non-hospitalized subjects received invitation. The prevalence of symptom-defined PTSD was assessed using the PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Determinants of symptom-defined PTSD and PTSD symptoms were analyzed using multivariable logistic and linear regression analysis. In total, 583 (51%) subjects responded at median 116 (range 41–200) days after COVID-19 onset. The prevalence of symptom-defined PTSD was 9.5% in hospitalized and 7.0% in non-hospitalized subjects (p = 0.80). Female sex, born outside of Norway, and dyspnea during COVID-19 were risk factors for persistent PTSD symptoms. In non-hospitalized subjects, previous depression and COVID-19 symptom load were also associated with persistent PTSD symptoms. In conclusion, COVID-19 symptom load, but not hospitalization, was associated with symptom-defined PTSD and PTSD symptom severity.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 58%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress in Hospitalized and Non-Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients

Einvik

Dammen

Ghanima

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Manifestations may include obsession and compulsion, reduced social activity, poor concentration, aggression, irritability, substance use, and cognitive deficit [ 37 ]. Post-traumatic stress disorder; a psychiatric condition induced by life-stressing factors, could occur after recovery from a life-threatening illness, including COVID-19; as shown by recent studies, the prevalence rate may range from 5.8% to 43% [ 25 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. Neurological post-COVID complications have also been reported, including late-onset Guillain-Barré syndrome, opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, acute transverse myelitis.…”

Section: Clinical Manifestationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-COVID Syndrome: An Insight on Its Pathogenesis

2021

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Post-COVID syndrome is increasingly recognized as a new clinical entity in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Symptoms persisting for more than three weeks after the diagnosis of COVID-19 characterize the post-COVID syndrome. Its incidence ranges from 10% to 35%, however, rates as high as 85% have been reported among patients with a history of hospitalization. Currently, there is no consensus on the classification of post-COVID syndrome. We reviewed the published information on post-COVID syndrome, putting emphasis on its pathogenesis. The pathogenesis of post-COVID syndrome is multi-factorial and more than one mechanism may be implicated in several clinical manifestations. Prolonged inflammation has a key role in its pathogenesis and may account for some neurological complications, cognitive dysfunction, and several other symptoms. A multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults (MIS-A) of all ages has been also described recently, similarly to multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). The post-infectious inflammatory pathogenetic mechanism of MIS-A is supported by the fact that its diagnosis is established through serology in up to one third of cases. Other pathogenetic mechanisms that are implicated in post-COVID syndrome include immune-mediated vascular dysfunction, thromboembolism, and nervous system dysfunction. Although the current data are indicating that the overwhelming majority of patients with post-COVID syndrome have a good prognosis, registries to actively follow them are needed in order to define the full clinical spectrum and its long-term outcome. A consensus-based classification of post-COVID syndrome is essential to guide clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic management. Further research is also imperative to elucidate the pathogenesis of post-COVID syndrome.

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“…The duration of follow-up ranged from two weeks to 4 months post hospital discharge 56,61 (Table 1). Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is deemed one of the common psychological complications among COVID-19 survivors 15,16,58 . Two studies have evaluated the PTSD according to post-traumatic stress disorder checklist-5 (-5) 15,58 .…”

Section: Nervous System Sequelaementioning

confidence: 99%

What might COVID-19 Patients Experience after Recovery? A Systematic Review

Elhiny

Al‐Jumaili

Yawuz

2021

Preprint

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Objectives: To determine post-COVID-19 complications after recovery and investigate the reported cases of re-infection. Methods: The researchers systematically reviewed three databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, and Word Health Organization (WHO) COVID-19 database looking for studies reported post-COVID-19 complications and COVID-19 reinfection. The search was conducted between November 21, 2020 and January 14, 2021. Inclusion criteria were articles written in English and had primary data. The studies reported the complications of COVID-19 after full recovery were included. Case reports were only included in the COVID-19 reinfection section. Results: The review included 69 studies related to post-COVID-19 complications and 13 case studies related to COVID-19 reinfection. Thirty-six studies reported post-cure respiratory complications including dyspnea to residual pulmonary fibrosis. Cardiac symptoms were reported in nine studies including palpitation, chest pain and diastolic dysfunction. Neurological complications included post-traumatic stress syndrome (PTSD), anxiety, depression, memory issues, insomnia and sleeping disturbance, cognitive impairments, and stigma. Gastrointestinal symptoms included nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and acute liver injury. Physical decline was the most common symptom reported in the musculoskeletal complications. Thirteen cases COVID-19 reinfection from nine countries were reported. Four patients had severe symptoms in the second infection while the symptoms of nine patient ranged from mild to moderate. The time taken for the reinfection ranged from 26 days to 145 days. Conclusion: COVID-19 may cause several types of complications after recovery. Lung abnormalities, neurological complications, and exercise intolerance were frequently identified complications among COVID-19 survivors. Reinfection can occur among COVID-19 survivors. Thus, COVID-19 may need long-term follow-up and should take preventive measures to prevent the reinfection.

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Incidence of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder after Coronavirus Disease

Cited by 70 publications

References 37 publications

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress in Hospitalized and Non-Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients

Prevalence and Risk Factors for Post-Traumatic Stress in Hospitalized and Non-Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients

Post-COVID Syndrome: An Insight on Its Pathogenesis

What might COVID-19 Patients Experience after Recovery? A Systematic Review

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