Incidence of non-typhoidal Salmonella in poultry products in the North West Province, South Africa

Abstract

This study was conducted to evaluate the incidence of non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serotypes in raw and ready-to-eat (RTE) broiler products in the North West Province of South Africa. A total of 120 raw broiler samples, 40 samples of polonies and 20 samples of smoked viennas were obtained from retail points in major cities and towns in the province. Samples were subjected to aerobic plate count and later screened for the presence of NTS using phenotypic and genotypic techniques. The average bacterial count in raw products was 3.1 x 10 5 cfu/g whereas bacterial contamination of RTE products was 1.8 x 10 3 cfu/g. The average recovery rate of NTS species from raw broiler products was 12.5% and the serotypes identified were S. typhimurium (46.4%), S. enteritidis (30.9%) and S. newport (22.9%). No NTS was recovered from the RTE products. However, S. typhimurium was the predominant serotype in whole carcasses whereas S. enteritidis and S. newport were prevalent in chicken parts. Out of the 160 presumptive NTS isolates screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 140 (87.5%) were confirmed for the presence of the Salmonella-specific invA gene. In addition, 115 (82.4%) of the confirmed isolates harboured the plasmid spvC gene. Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprinting of isolates using RAPD 1 and RAPD 3 primers, revealed some inter-and intra-serotype genetic diversity among isolates, suggesting varying sources of contamination. The results of this study represent the first report on the incidence and prevalent serotypes of NTS in chicken products in the North West Province of South Africa.

Confirmation of Antimicrobial Resistance by Using Resistance Genes of Isolated Salmonella spp. in Chicken Houses of North West, South Africa.

“…The increasing resistance of Salmonella spp. to chloramphenicol has previously been reported (Olobatoke and Mulugeta, 2015) from chicken samples in North West province, South Africa. The present evaluation isolated 45 (39%) Salmonella specimens which were phenotypically resistant to chloramphenicol and 44 (39%) of them were harboring cat gene.…”

“…The absence of mentioned gene from some isolates that were phenotypically positive may indicate that the target gene for this antibiotic is not always the same or the disk diffusion test has high sensitivity and but not specificity to antibiotics resistance (Dickert et al, 1981). This finding causes more concerns because antibiotic resistance for ampicillin has previously been detected from poultry products around this area (Olobatoke and Mulugeta, 2015). A high number of the isolates showed MDR to tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and sulphonamides, which are antimicrobial agents commonly used in veterinary medicine.…”

“…Resistance to aminoglycosides is associated with carriage of aadA gene; resistance to quinolones is associated with carriage of qnrA gene; resistance to β-lactams is associated with carriage of a blaTEM (ESBL) gene; resistance to chloramphenicol is associated with carriage of cat gene; resistance to sulfonamide is associated with carriage of sul genes, and resistance to tetracycline is associated with tet gene. In addition, intI1 is associated with class 1 integrons (Ozgen, 2007;Olobatoke and Mulugeta, 2015;Kim et al, 2016).…”

“…Furthermore, the increasing frequency of resistance of Salmonella spp. to antibiotics such as chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and ampicillin has been reported in many countries (Olobatoke and Mulugeta, 2015;Odoch et al, 2018;Thung et al, 2018). Antimicrobial resistance, especially in Salmonella serovars, has also been implicated to play a role in their virulence (Mathole et al, 2017).…”

Infection, colonization and shedding of Campylobacter and Salmonella in animals and their contribution to human disease: A review

“…enterica are among the top causes of foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide (Kirk et al, ). Campylobacter and non‐typhoid Salmonellae are recurrently isolated from different types of animal‐source foods, with most of them implicated in foodborne disease outbreaks (Friesema et al, ; Gharieb, Tartor, & Khedr, ; Marotta et al, ; Olobatoke & Mulugeta, ; Taylor et al, ).…”