Incidence of myopia and biometric characteristics of premyopic eyes among Chinese children and adolescents

Li, Lan; Zhong, Hua; Li, Jun; Li, Cai-Rui; Pan, Chen-Wei

doi:10.1186/s12886-018-0836-9

Cited by 39 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 28 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…For example, in the Shandong Children Eye Study, only 1.76 ± 1.2% of four-year-old children had myopia, while at the age of 17 years the prevalence was 84.6 ± 3.2% [14]. In another study, the one-year incidence of myopia among grade 1 (age 6-7 years) Chinese students was 33.6% (95% CI: 31.7-35.%), with a progression rate of -0.97 D (95% CI: -1.22 to -0.71 D) [41]. Moreover, myopia beginning at school continues to progress up to adulthood in almost half of the patients [42].…”

Section: Prevalence Of Myopia In School Childrenmentioning

confidence: 95%

A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide

Kanclerz²,

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Due to high prevalence myopia has gained importance in epidemiological studies. Children with early onset are at particular risk of complications associated with myopia, as progression over time might result in high myopia and myopic macular degeneration. Both genetic and environmental factors play a role in the increasing prevalence of myopia. The aim of this study is to review the current literature on epidemiology and risk factors for myopia in school children (aged 6-19 years) around the world. Main body: PubMed and Medline were searched for the following keywords: prevalence, incidence, myopia, refractive error, risk factors, children and visual impairment. English language articles published between were included in the study. Studies were critically reviewed for study methodology and robustness of data. Eighty studies were included in this literature review. Myopia prevalence remains higher in Asia (60%) compared with Europe (40%) using cycloplegic refraction examinations. Studies reporting on non-cycloplegic measurements show exceptionally high myopia prevalence rates in school children in East Asia (73%), and high rates in North America (42%). Low prevalence under 10% was described in African and South American children. In recent studies, risk factors for myopia in schoolchildren included low outdoor time and near work, dim light exposure, the use of LED lamps for homework, low sleeping hours, reading distance less than 25 cm and living in an urban environment. Conclusion: Low levels of outdoor activity and near work are well-established risk factors for myopia; this review provides evidence on additional environmental risk factors. New epidemiological studies should be carried out on implementation of public health strategies to tackle and avoid myopia. As the myopia prevalence rates in noncycloplegic studies are overestimated, we recommend considering only cycloplegic measurements.

show abstract

Section: Prevalence Of Myopia In School Childrenmentioning

confidence: 95%

A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide

Kanclerz²,

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The study site (Mojiang) is a county located in Southwestern China with a population of 0.36 million and an area of 5312 km 2 with a relatively stable demographic structure and similar socioeconomic status to the average of rural China (http://www.stats.gov.cn). The detailed study protocols and some major findings have been described elsewhere [23][24][25][26]. Briefly, all the grade 1 students from elementary schools and grade 7 students from secondary schools in Mojiang were invited to participate in the study.…”

Section: Study Design and Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring health-related quality of life in elementary and secondary school students using the Chinese version of the EQ-5D-Y in rural China

Pan

Zhong

et al. 2020

BMC Public Health

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: To measure health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of elementary and secondary school students in rural China using the simplified Chinese version of the EQ-5D-Y. Method: Both the samples of students were from a school-based cohort study in a county located in southwestern China. The students self-completed the EQ-5D-Y. Feasibility was evaluated according to the percentages of missing values. Known group validity was assessed by comparing the frequency of reporting EQ-5D-Y problems between groups known to differ in health status. Results: A total of 1728 elementary students and 2116 secondary students were included in the analysis. Their respective mean age was 8.7 (range: 7-15) years and 14.8 (range: 11-18) years, with girls being 45.1 and 50.1%, respectively. The missing values in both samples were quite low. Elementary students were less likely to have problems on'having pain or discomfort' and 'feeling worried, sad or unhappy' dimensions, but more likely to report problems on the dimensions related to physical functioning. Gender difference in HRQOL was only detected for secondary students in terms of 'doing usual activities', 'having pain or discomfort,' and 'feeling worried, sad or unhappy' (P < 0.05 for all). The significant differences in HRQOL were not observed for the other characteristics. Conclusions: It appears that the EQ-5D-Y is feasible and valid instrument in school-aged children and adolescents in rural China; but it suffers from similar disadvantages to those found in other general populations. The HRQOL distributions measured by the EQ-5D-Y were also provided.

show abstract

“…With the continuous rise in youth digital media consumption, the incidence of ocular problems has also dramatically increased. A large portion of the population currently suffers from visual impairment, especially in Asian countries, with a rapidly increasing prevalence and younger age of onset [ 5 - 8 ]. It has been estimated that 49.8% (4.8 billion) and 9.8% (0.9 billion) of the global population will have myopia or high myopia by 2050 [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smartphone Overuse and Visual Impairment in Children and Young Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Wang¹,

Li²,

Zhu³

et al. 2020

J Med Internet Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Smartphone overuse has been cited as a potentially modifiable risk factor that can result in visual impairment. However, reported associations between smartphone overuse and visual impairment have been inconsistent. Objective The aim of this systematic review was to determine the association between smartphone overuse and visual impairment, including myopia, blurred vision, and poor vision, in children and young adults. Methods We conducted a systematic search in the Cochrane Library, PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science Core Collection, and ScienceDirect databases since the beginning of the databases up to June 2020. Fourteen eligible studies (10 cross-sectional studies and 4 controlled trials) were identified, which included a total of 27,110 subjects with a mean age ranging from 9.5 to 26.0 years. We used a random-effects model for meta-analysis of the 10 cross-sectional studies (26,962 subjects) and a fixed-effects model for meta-analysis of the 4 controlled trials (148 subjects) to combine odds ratios (ORs) and effect sizes (ES). The I2 statistic was used to assess heterogeneity. Results A pooled OR of 1.05 (95% CI 0.98-1.13, P=.16) was obtained from the cross-sectional studies, suggesting that smartphone overuse is not significantly associated with myopia, poor vision, or blurred vision; however, these visual impairments together were more apparent in children (OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.99-1.14, P=.09) than in young adults (OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.57-1.46,P=.71). For the 4 controlled trials, the smartphone overuse groups showed worse visual function scores compared with the reduced-use groups. The pooled ES was 0.76 (95% CI 0.53-0.99), which was statistically significant (P<.001). Conclusions Longer smartphone use may increase the likelihood of ocular symptoms, including myopia, asthenopia, and ocular surface disease, especially in children. Thus, regulating use time and restricting the prolonged use of smartphones may prevent ocular and visual symptoms. Further research on the patterns of use, with longer follow up on the longitudinal associations, will help to inform detailed guidelines and recommendations for smartphone use in children and young adults.

show abstract

Incidence of myopia and biometric characteristics of premyopic eyes among Chinese children and adolescents

Cited by 39 publications

References 28 publications

A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide

A review on the epidemiology of myopia in school children worldwide

Measuring health-related quality of life in elementary and secondary school students using the Chinese version of the EQ-5D-Y in rural China

Smartphone Overuse and Visual Impairment in Children and Young Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About