Incidence of Lung Adenocarcinoma by Age, Sex, and Smoking Status in Taiwan

Abstract

ImportanceKnowing whether the effects of smoking and other risk factors with lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) incidence varies by sex would provide information on lung cancer prevention strategies.ObjectiveTo evaluate whether women in Taiwan have higher age- and tumor stage–specific lung ADC incidence rates than men irrespective of smoking status (ie, ever smoker or never smoker).Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis population-based cohort study used data sets synthesized from the Taiwan Cancer Registry (TCR) from 1979 to 2019; the TCR Long Form (TCRLF) from 2011 to 2019, which provides individual-level smoking and tumor stage information; the Taiwan Cause of Death Database (TCOD) from 1985 to 2019; the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) from 2000 to 2020; the Monthly Bulletin of Interior Statistics (MBIS) from 2011 to 2019; the National Health Interview Survey from 2001, 2005, 2009, 2013, and 2017; and Taiwan Biobank data from 2008 to 2021. Included patients were aged 40 to 84 years and had any invasive lung cancer from January 1, 2011, to December 31, 2019.ExposureSmoking status.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcomes were age-specific female-to-male incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of lung ADC by smoking status and tumor stage. Linked data from the TCR, TCOD, NHIRD, Taiwan National Health Interview Survey, and MBIS were used to estimate the age- and sex-specific numbers of cancer-free individuals at midyears from 2011 to 2019 by smoking status. Using the TCR and TCRLF, age-, sex-, tumor stage–, and diagnosis year–specific numbers of patients with lung ADC from 2011 to 2019 by smoking status were estimated.ResultsA total of 61 285 patients (32 599 women [53.2%]) aged 40 to 84 years (mean [SD] age, 64.66 [10.79] years) in the Taiwanese population of approximately 23 million were diagnosed with invasive lung ADC as their first lifetime cancer between 2011 and 2019. Among smokers, men had higher tobacco use by almost all examined metrics, including nearly twice the mean (SD) number of pack-years smoked (eg, 7.87 [8.30] for men aged 30-34 years vs 4.38 [5.27] for women aged 30-34 years). For 5-year age bands between 40 and 84 years, incidence of lung ADC was significantly higher among females than males for nearly all age groups irrespective of tumor stage and smoking status (eg, for the age group 70-74 years, the female-to-male IRR for late-stage lung ADC among never smokers was 1.38 [95% CI, 1.30-1.50]).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study, women had higher age- and stage-specific lung ADC incidence rates than men in Taiwan for both never and ever smokers, suggesting the possibility of differential exposures between sexes to risk factors other than smoking and the potential modification of ADC risk factors by sex. Further work is needed to determine whether this pattern replicates in other populations, discover the causes of lung ADC, and put preventive measures in place.

Incidence, prevalence, and survival of lung cancer in the United Kingdom from 2000-2021: a population-based cohort study

“…While not a sex-specific cancer, lung cancer shows sex-specific trends in our data as well as has been reported nationally and internationally[47][48], [49]. A recent review attributed this finding to many factors such as the slower relative reduction in female smoking compared to males[8], [48], coupled with females being exposed to different risk factors, as well as differences in oestrogen levels[48], exposure to human papillomavirus (HPV)[50] and genetic polymorphisms[48].…”