Incidence of Intestinal Infectious Diseases due to Protozoa and Bacteria in Mexico: Analysis of National Surveillance Records from 2003 to 2012

Abstract

Background According to national epidemiological surveillance records, in Mexico six intestinal infectious diseases (IID) are among the top infectious communicable diseases. However, their incidence, relative importance, and spatial patterns have not been studied in detail. Aims We examine the epidemiology of IID due to bacteria and protozoa to identify which diseases are most important at two spatial scales, what is their integrated importance locally, and how their incidence correlates with Human Development Index (HDI). Methods We retrieved yearly number of new cases of eight IID from the national epidemiological morbidity report from 2003 to 2012 at the national level, by state, and to assess such information at a higher spatial resolution we included the municipalities for Mexico City. However, no comparisons were made to other municipalities due to unavailability of data. We compared incidence, obtained the disease-specific relative importance, and inspected spatial patterns for the integrated incidence. Finally, we tested whether HDI is correlated with incidence. Results We found that, except for two diseases, the relative importance of the other six IID contrasted not only between the national level and Mexico City, but also among states and municipalities in Mexico City. Besides, at both scales the distribution of the incidence showed disease-specific spatial patterns. Finally, there was a lack of consistent correlation between HDI and individual IID at both scales. Conclusion Our results emphasize the need for local disease-focused selective models for control and prevention of IID. The maps displaying our analyses of epidemiological similarities may be used in orienting such effort.

Norovirus Is the Most Frequent Cause of Diarrhea in Hospitalized Patients in Monterrey, Mexico

“…Although the Mexican government has little information about the incidence of norovirus in the country [ 28 ], in this study, norovirus was found at a high percentage in hospitalized patients and, in some cases, co-infecting with bacteria (or parasite). Since these conditions could worsen the clinical stage of patients, it is urgent to implement routine methods to detect this virus in food and people to reduce viral dispersion and prevalence in the population with special attention in immunocompromised patients.…”

“…Similar data were reported in France, where from 17,281 hospitalized patients suffering foodborne illness, 59% of cases were caused by bacteria, 38% by virus, and 3% by parasites; the pathogens more often found included Campylobacter, Salmonella, and norovirus, accounting for 76% of cases [ 27 ]. In Mexico, various pathogens are commonly reported as cause of diarrhea: Salmonella , Shigella , Escherichia , Vibrio , Campylobacter , Yersinia, C. difficile, Aeromonas , and several amoebas and viruses, such as norovirus [ 28 , 29 ].…”

“…These results contrast with those reported by Breurec et al [ 25 ], who found bacterial/viral co-infections in pediatric patients (mean age 12.9 months) in 10% of the samples from hospitalized patients in the Central Africa Republic. These differences could be associated with the prevailing conditions of poverty, health services, and nutrition levels in each country [ 25 , 28 , 29 ].…”

“…Acute and chronic infectious diarrhea affects more than 179 million individuals annually in the USA alone [ 2 ], ranking 4th among all causes of death worldwide in 2013 [ 28 ]. The Mexican Health System reported 2,000,188 consultations for gastrointestinal diseases in 2008, and data from 2003 indicated 4556 deaths caused by intestinal infections [ 29 ].…”

Prevalence of enteric Protozoa on fresh vegetables and their irrigation water in Giza, Egypt

“…Intestinal protozoan infections were documented among both immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients (Fletcher et al, 2012;Han and Weiss, 2017). Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba and microsporidia are considered as major intestinal Protozoa of public health importance (Kosek et al, 2001 ;Haque et al, 2003;Han and Weiss, 2017;Daniel et al, 2018;Kimosop et al, 2019;Ögren et al, 2020) due to being responsible for waterborne diseases in human.…”