Incidence of Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus: Results from the Pacific Ocular Inflammation Study

Borkar, Durga S.; Tham, Vivien M.; Esterberg, Elizabeth; Ray, Kathryn J.; Vinoya, Aleli C.; Parker, John V.; Uchida, Aileen; Acharya, Nisha R.

doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.09.007

Cited by 70 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The reported risks of HZO among patients with HZ were 10.1% (Ragozzino et al ,12 USA), 12.3% (Chidiac et al ,35 France), 14.4% (Opstelten et al ,43 the Netherlands) and 14.9% (Alakloby et al ,61 Saudi Arabia). Borkar et al 124 reported an overall incidence of 30.9/100 000 person-years, which corresponds to an approximately 10% risk among patients with HZ in the USA. As has been previously recognised, the risk of HZO is similar across age groups 123 124…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Systematic review of incidence and complications of herpes zoster: towards a global perspective

2014

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ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to characterise the incidence rates of herpes zoster (HZ), also known as shingles, and risk of complications across the world.DesignWe systematically reviewed studies examining the incidence rates of HZ, temporal trends of HZ, the risk of complications including postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) and HZ-associated hospitalisation and mortality rates in the general population. The literature search was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE and the WHO library up to December 2013.ResultsWe included 130 studies conducted in 26 countries. The incidence rate of HZ ranged between 3 and 5/1000 person-years in North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific, based on studies using prospective surveillance, electronic medical record data or administrative data with medical record review. A temporal increase in the incidence of HZ was reported in the past several decades across seven countries, often occurring before the introduction of varicella vaccination programmes. The risk of developing PHN varied from 5% to more than 30%, depending on the type of study design, age distribution of study populations and definition. More than 30% of patients with PHN experienced persistent pain for more than 1 year. The risk of recurrence of HZ ranged from 1% to 6%, with long-term follow-up studies showing higher risk (5–6%). Hospitalisation rates ranged from 2 to 25/100 000 person-years, with higher rates among elderly populations.ConclusionsHZ is a significant global health burden that is expected to increase as the population ages. Future research with rigorous methods is important.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Borkar et al 124 reported an overall incidence of 30.9/100 000 person-years, which corresponds to an approximately 10% risk among patients with HZ in the USA. As has been previously recognised, the risk of HZO is similar across age groups 123 124…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic review of incidence and complications of herpes zoster: towards a global perspective

2014

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“…Age also appears to be important in the natural history of HZ infection. It is known, for example, that HZ affects >50% of individuals by 80 years of age (4) and that there is an increased prevalence of impaired immunity due to systemic disorders or immunosuppressive therapy (5,6) . Considering that the number of people aged ≥60 years is projected to double over coming decades, the number of HZ cases is also expected to increase substantially.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Herpes zoster ophthalmicus and varicella zoster virus vasculopathy

Bandeira¹,

Roizenblatt²,

Levi³

et al. 2016

Arquivos Brasileiros De Oftalmologia

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Herpes zoster (HZ) corresponds to the reactivation of varicella zoster virus (VZV). Among adults, the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve is one of the most common sites of involvement. Vasculopathy caused by HZ is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, affecting structures such as the brain, which can lead to stroke. In this review, we analyzed the epidemiological and clinical aspects of the vascular involvement of VZV, focusing on the peculiarities of its association with ocular HZ. A review of the available literature indicated that ocular involvement of HZ was a risk factor for vasculopathy after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, indicators of metabolic syndrome, and vascular and heart diseases. Considering the severity of this complication, vascular disease mediated by VZV requires early diagnosis and aggressive treatment. Finally, the anti-HZ vaccine has been recommended as a prophylactic measure in the elderly, but it should be used with caution in immunocompromised individuals.

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“…A retrospective population-based cohort study in Hawaii found the incidence of HZO was 30.9 per 100 000 patient years 14. The incidence was highest in people age 65 and older (104.6 per 100 000 patients, compared with 42.2 in ages 45–64, 15.4 in ages 25–44 and 7.2 in ages 15–24), but similar numbers of cases occurred in people ages 45–64 (54 cases) and ages 65 and older (56 cases).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most studies find that women are affected significantly more frequently than men with regard to HZ incidence, hospitalisations and mortality 14 17 18. PHN persists for longer than 1 year in nearly half of the patients older than age 70 19–21.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistent dilemmas in zoster eye disease

Cohen

Kessler

2015

Br J Ophthalmol

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Herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) is a common, vision and potentially life-threatening disease caused by the reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in the distribution of the first division of cranial nerve V. Although the rate of herpes zoster increases with age, over half of the people with zoster in general, including HZO, are under age 60. In addition, over 90% of people with zoster are immunocompetent, even though the disease is more common and severe in immunocompromised patients. The incidence of zoster is increasing worldwide for unknown reasons. The epidemiology has not yet been impacted by the zoster vaccine (ZV). The lack of a strong recommendation by physicians for this vaccine is a major barrier to its use. An unresolved dilemma regards the optimum timing for this vaccine. In the USA, the current recommendation by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is for eligible people age 60 and older, despite its greater efficacy in reducing the incidence of disease and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for age 50-59. Although there is a consensus regarding use of acute high-dose oral antiviral treatment to reduce ocular complications, there is limited evidence for prolonged treatment. The rationale for a proposed randomised controlled trial (RCT) of suppressive antiviral treatment to reduce chronic eye disease and postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) includes evidence that zoster is followed by chronic active VZV infection and similarities between HZO and herpes simplex virus (HSV) eye infection, where this treatment is effective and is the standard of care.

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Incidence of Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus: Results from the Pacific Ocular Inflammation Study

Cited by 70 publications

References 30 publications

Systematic review of incidence and complications of herpes zoster: towards a global perspective

Systematic review of incidence and complications of herpes zoster: towards a global perspective

Herpes zoster ophthalmicus and varicella zoster virus vasculopathy

Persistent dilemmas in zoster eye disease

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