Incidence of Herpes Simplex Virus Keratitis and Other Ocular Disease: Global Review and Estimates

McCormick, Ian; James, Charlotte; Welton, Nicky J; Mayaud, Philippe; Turner, Katherine Mary Elizabeth; Gottlieb, Sami L.; Foster, Allen; Looker, Katharine J

doi:10.1080/09286586.2021.1962919

Cited by 29 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) cause lifelong infections with periodic reactivations that are highly prevalent worldwide [ 198 , 199 ]. A wide range of diseases result from HSV infections, from the most common cold sores and genital herpes, to recurrent keratitis, and even life-threatening systemic infections and encephalitis [ 198 , 199 ]. Antiviral intervention is therefore needed for the therapy of these diseases.…”

Section: The Broad-spectrum Antiviral Activity Of A-type Pacsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tackling the Future Pandemics: Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents (BSAAs) Based on A-Type Proanthocyanidins

2022

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A-type proanthocyanidins (PAC-As) are plant-derived natural polyphenols that occur as oligomers or polymers of flavan-3-ol monomers, such as (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin, connected through an unusual double A linkage. PAC-As are present in leaves, seeds, flowers, bark, and fruits of many plants, and are thought to exert protective natural roles against microbial pathogens, insects, and herbivores. Consequently, when tested in isolation, PAC-As have shown several biological effects, through antioxidant, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, and antiviral activities. PAC-As have been observed in fact to inhibit replication of many different human viruses, and both enveloped and non-enveloped DNA and RNA viruses proved sensible to their inhibitory effect. Mechanistic studies revealed that PAC-As cause reduction of infectivity of viral particles they come in contact with, as a result of their propensity to interact with virion surface capsid proteins or envelope glycoproteins essential for viral attachment and entry. As viral infections and new virus outbreaks are a major public health concern, development of effective Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents (BSAAs) that can be rapidly deployable even against future emerging viruses is an urgent priority. This review summarizes the antiviral activities and mechanism of action of PAC-As, and their potential to be deployed as BSAAs against present and future viral infections.

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Section: The Broad-spectrum Antiviral Activity Of A-type Pacsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tackling the Future Pandemics: Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents (BSAAs) Based on A-Type Proanthocyanidins

2022

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“… 7 As the 2nd leading cause of blindness in the developed world, herpetic keratitis was estimated to cause newly acquired vision impairment in 230,000 people worldwide in 2016. 18 Previous studies have found several risk factors which may induce the reactivation of ocular HSV in humans and animal models, including eye surgery, ultraviolet exposure, latanoprost, topical steroids, and immunocompetent state. Therefore, patients with a history of herpetic eye diseases should be carefully evaluated before any eye surgeries, including corneal crosslinking.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Herpetic Keratitis Following Corneal Crosslinking for Keratoconus: A Case Series

Wang¹,

Deng²,

Ma³

et al. 2022

IDR

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Background: Corneal crosslinking is widely applied to enhance corneal biomechanical properties and delay the progression of keratoconus. The surgical procedure and application of ultraviolet A irradiation (UVA) during corneal crosslinking have been recognized to induce the reactivation of simplex herpes virus (HSV) but are rarely reported and poorly analyzed. Case Presentation: We report the first case series of herpetic keratitis in 4 keratoconus patients undertaking corneal crosslinking, who were all clinically diagnosed at routine follow-up visits 3 days to 1 month after the surgery. Different from the typical new onset of secondary herpetic keratitis that mainly presents with epithelial lesions and severe eye pain, these patients all presented with stromal infiltrates and were generally asymptomatic except for vision blurring in 2 patients. All patients responded well to antiviral therapy, topical steroids, and epithelial nourishment medication, leaving corneal macula or nebula at the last follow-up visit. Conclusion:Close follow-up is essential and the most effective way to diagnose herpetic keratitis after corneal crosslinking due to the lack of subjective symptoms. The prophylactic use of antiviral therapy on asymptomatic patients is controversial and should be evaluated based on long-term prognosis.

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“…HSV keratitis has been recognized as the frequent cause of corneal blindness or severe mononuclear visual impairment, affecting nearly 1.5 million people worldwide [ 185 ]. Drug-loaded liposome formulation can be dispersed as patient-friendly ophthalmic drops for the therapy of different ocular disorders.…”

Section: Nanocarriers In Ocular Drug Deliverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipid Nanoparticles as a Promising Drug Delivery Carrier for Topical Ocular Therapy—An Overview on Recent Advances

et al. 2022

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Due to complicated anatomical and physical properties, targeted drug delivery to ocular tissues continues to be a key challenge for formulation scientists. Various attempts are currently being made to improve the in vivo performance of therapeutic molecules by encapsulating them in various nanocarrier systems or devices and administering them via invasive/non-invasive or minimally invasive drug administration methods. Biocompatible and biodegradable lipid nanoparticles have emerged as a potential alternative to conventional ocular drug delivery systems to overcome various ocular barriers. Lipid-based nanocarrier systems led to major technological advancements and therapeutic advantages during the last few decades of ocular therapy, such as high precorneal residence time, sustained drug release profile, minimum dosing frequency, decreased drug toxicity, targeted site delivery, and, therefore, an improvement in ocular bioavailability. In addition, such formulations can be given as fine dispersion in patient-friendly droppable preparation without causing blurred vision and ocular sensitivity reactions. The unique advantages of lipid nanoparticles, namely, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, nanoemulsions, and liposomes in intraocular targeted administration of various therapeutic drugs are extensively discussed. Ongoing and completed clinical trials of various liposome-based formulations and various characterization techniques designed for nanoemulsion in ocular delivery are tabulated. This review also describes diverse solid lipid nanoparticle preparation methods, procedures, advantages, and limitations. Functionalization approaches to overcome the drawbacks of lipid nanoparticles, as well as the exploration of new functional additives with the potential to improve the penetration of macromolecular pharmaceuticals, would quickly progress the challenging field of ocular drug delivery systems.

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Incidence of Herpes Simplex Virus Keratitis and Other Ocular Disease: Global Review and Estimates

Cited by 29 publications

References 49 publications

Tackling the Future Pandemics: Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents (BSAAs) Based on A-Type Proanthocyanidins

Tackling the Future Pandemics: Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Agents (BSAAs) Based on A-Type Proanthocyanidins

Herpetic Keratitis Following Corneal Crosslinking for Keratoconus: A Case Series

Lipid Nanoparticles as a Promising Drug Delivery Carrier for Topical Ocular Therapy—An Overview on Recent Advances

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