Incidence of Flat Foot and Anthropometric Comparison Between Flat and Normal Foot of the Yoruba Ehtnic Group of Nigeria

Umar, M.; Paul, Adeyemi

doi:10.3923/rjasci.2010.412.416

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In this study, there was no significant association between the occurrence of pes planus and gender. , This findings is in agreement with the study done in the Yoruba ethnic group of Nigeria where the overall incidence percentage of pes planus among the total population studied (200 school aged children) was as high as 25% with 13% in males and 12% in females (Umar et al, 2010). Other studies have however reported association between prevalence of pes planus and gender.…”

Section: Association Of Pes Planus and Gendersupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The flat appearance of the foot before age three is normal and results partly from the thick subcutaneous fat pad in the sole of the foot which masks the developing arch and partly because the arches are not yet fully developed (Umar and Adeyemi, 2010). Pes planus deformity is frequently encountered in paediatric orthopedics and rehabilitation practices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of Pes Planus and Its Associated Factors Among Primary School Pupils Aged 8-12 Years in Southeast Nigeria

Ibikunle

2017

Nig J Med Rehab

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Background: Footprints of hominoids already demonstrated the existence of a plantar arch 3.7 million years ago, and, during human evolution, feet and not hands experienced extraordinary changes. The arch index is useful in determining the prevalence of pes planus and possibly predicting pathologic foot conditions, and it may serve as warning signs of structural and functional defects of the foot in a given population.Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the plantar arch index using the staheli`s evaluation method and determined the point prevalence of pes planus and its association with sex difference, BMI, type of footwear and using footwear early in life.Method: This ex-post facto study involved 352 (150 males and 202 females) apparently health primary school pupils aged 8-12 years in southeast Nigeria who volunteered to participate in the study. The participants` biodata were obtained and their footprints collected with the ink method. Footprints were traced and selected foot dimensions measured on the footprints. Plantar arch index of each foot was calculated using the staheli`s formula; PI=A/B, where PI= plantar arch index, A= central region of the footprint and B= heel region of the footprint. Data collected were summarized and analysed with descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation, percentage, chi-square and independent t-test, alpha level was set at 0.05Results: Mean age of participants was 10.28±1.26 while the mean body mass index was 17.60±2.81.The findings of this study revealed a low prevalence of pes planus (7.1%) in the population under study with males having slightly higher prevalence (4.3%) than females (2.8%). This study also found no significant association between sex difference and pes planus (p= 0.114), no significant association between type of footwear and pes planus (p= 0.314), but it found a significant association between BMI and pes planus (p= 0.039).The study also reveal that type of first footwear, type of frequent footwear, type of school footwear, type of home footwear and early footwear were not significantly associated with occurrence pes planus p=0.205, p=0.170, p=0.819, p=0.062 and p= 0.714 .Conclusion: The findings of this research shows that the prevalence of pes planus in the age group studied is not high and not of any health concern. Keywords: Staheli index, BMI, pes planus, footwears, pupils

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Section: Association Of Pes Planus and Gendersupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Pes Planus and Its Associated Factors Among Primary School Pupils Aged 8-12 Years in Southeast Nigeria

Ibikunle

2017

Nig J Med Rehab

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“…Sci. Res., 10 (4): 207-215, 2015 Also, Umar and Paul (2010) indicated that all the measured anthropometric foot parameters in their study showed that male subjects process higher tendency to develop flat foot than their female counter parts. They reported that a flat foot incidence of 13% in males and 12% in females out of 200 Yoruba school students.…”

Section: Sex and Flat Footmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation Between Gender and Age and Flat Foot in Obese Children

Hazzaa¹,

El-Meniawy²,

Ahmed³

et al. 2015

Trends in Applied Sciences Research

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The purpose of this study was to detect the correlation between age and gender with flat foot deformity in obese children. One hundred fifty children ranged in age from 8-14 years participated in this study. They were selected according to body mass index to be obese children, then they were divided according to gender into two groups, group I and group II (75 boys and 75 girls), then each group divided according to age into equal three sub groups (from 8-10 years, from 10-12 years and from 12-14 years) each sub group included 25 children. Evaluation for each child was done using the Foot Posture Index-6 and foot print. The Foot Posture Index-6 was used to asses foot posture, while foot print was used to measure Stahili planter arch index. The results of the study showed that there were significant statistical differences in Foot Posture Index-6 score and arch index between group I (boys) and group II (girls), while there were no significant statistical differences in Foot Posture Index-6 score and arch index in the subgroups according to age. It was concluded that there was significant positive correlation between gender and incidence of flat foot, while there was no significant correlation between age and incidence of flat foot.Key words: Flat foot, obese children, stahili planter arch index, foot posture index-6 INTRODUCTIONThe foot has three arches; the medial longitudinal arch, the lateral longitudinal arch and the transverse arch. The medial longitudinal arch is the highest and most important of the three arches. It is composed of the calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms and the first three metatarsals. The lateral longitudinal arch is lower and flatter than the medial longitudinal arch. It is composed of the calcaneus, cuboid, the fourth and fifth metatarsals. The transverse arch is composed of the cuneiforms, the cuboid and the five metatarsal bases. The arches of the foot are maintained not only by the shapes of the bones as well as by ligaments. In addition, muscles and tendons play an important role in supporting the arches (George et al., 2009).Deformities of the lower extremities are very frequent in children and most of the time these conditions are physiological and do not need any treatment. Ninety percent of clinic visits for foot problems are due to flatfoot (FF) (Fabry, 2010).The definition of flat foot is not standardized, nevertheless but the height of the medial longitudinal arch is the principal parameter to be observed and measured (Villarroya et al., 2009).

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“…Most, if not all, previous studies in the adolescent period summarized and analysed their data altogether, with results that tended to be of little further assistance for forensic investigation [26,44]. For instance, some studies on the Nigerian adolescent foot compared the normal foot with flat-foot deformities in the two Nigerian ethnic nationalities-among the Yoruba (Umar and [39,42] and among the Hausa [40]. [32] assessed sexual dimorphism in several anthropometric dimensions among the Igbos.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies relate to economic planning and health policy management [32][33] while a few more have evaluated anthropometry for ergonomics [34][35][36][37]. Some studies evaluated foot anthropometry in the context of investigations of foot abnormalities such as pes planus [38][39][40] or in the assessment of risk factors for footwear-related clinical deformities [41][42]. Furthermore, in several studies, the results of foot length and breadth are not presented as individual age groups but reported as a group summary, thus making direct comparisons impossible [43][44].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual Dimorphism and Bilateral Asymmetric Variability in Percutaneous Foot Anthropometry of Adolescent Nigerian Schoolchildren in Lagos, Southwest Nigeria

Lb¹

2021

Journal of Forensic and Crime Studies

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Background: Percutaneous anthropometry of body dimensions is increasingly being adopted in forensic anthropology, child and adolescent growth and nutritional assessment, ergonomics, garment and other related studies. The scientific literature on the normal adolescent foot anthropometry in West Africa is sparse. This study assessed anthropometric variability in selected foot dimensions of adolescent Nigerian school children in Lagos, South-West Nigeria. Materials and Methods: 523 volunteer Nigerian adolescent school children (260 males and 263 females) aged 10-17 years randomly recruited from the Nigeria Air Force Secondary School, Ikeja, Lagos State assessed for length and width of both feet according to the protocols recommended by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Statistical analysis was carried out with the SPSS (version 25.0) and Microsoft Excel statistical packages while the data was presented as tables and charts of descriptive (mean ± s.d) and inferential statistics (t-test, p-values), with a significance level of p<0.05 fixed. Male foot lengths and breadth were significantly larger than females, but the patterns of timing and symmetry in both sexes varied significantly in all age-matched and sex-pooled samples. Conclusion:The patterns of variability and sexual dimorphism suggests the need for an own database for anthropometric foot dimensions among Nigerian adolescent schoolchildren in Lagos. These findings may be useful baseline for further investigation relevance to clinical medicine, forensics, the workplace and shoe design.

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Incidence of Flat Foot and Anthropometric Comparison Between Flat and Normal Foot of the Yoruba Ehtnic Group of Nigeria

Cited by 7 publications

References 2 publications

Prevalence of Pes Planus and Its Associated Factors Among Primary School Pupils Aged 8-12 Years in Southeast Nigeria

Prevalence of Pes Planus and Its Associated Factors Among Primary School Pupils Aged 8-12 Years in Southeast Nigeria

Correlation Between Gender and Age and Flat Foot in Obese Children

Sexual Dimorphism and Bilateral Asymmetric Variability in Percutaneous Foot Anthropometry of Adolescent Nigerian Schoolchildren in Lagos, Southwest Nigeria

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