Incidence of Drug Problems in Young Adults Exposed to Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Reed, Philip L.; Anthony, James C.; Breslau, Naomi

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.12.1435

Cited by 128 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Consistent with prior studies of trauma exposure and PTSD, elevated rates of parental problem drinking (Dube et al, 2001;Fergusson et al, 1996b;Sher et al, 1997), MDD (Breslau et al, 1997;Hapke et al, 2006;Kendler et al, 2000;McCutcheon et al, 2009), CD (Afi fi et al, 2009Fu et al, 2007;Kessler et al, 1995;Koenen et al, 2002), regular smoking (Al-Mamun et al, 2007;Breslau et al, 2003;Nelson et al, 2006), and cannabis abuse (Duncan et al, 2008;Kilpatrick et al, 2000;Nelson et al, 2006;Reed et al, 2007) were observed in women who had experienced traumatic events-both those who developed PTSD and those who did not-compared with women who did not report any trauma exposure. Much of the prior research in this area has involved comparing rates of co-occurring psychopathology and psychosocial risk factors in individuals with PTSD with those who do not meet diagnostic criteria, without regard to the trauma exposure status of individuals in the non-PTSD group or, conversely, comparing traumaexposed with non-trauma-exposed individuals, without regard to the PTSD status of individuals in the traumaexposed group.…”

Section: Association Of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Trauma Withsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…There is an extensive literature linking AUDs to CD (King et al, 2004;Kuperman et al, 2005;McGue et al, 2001) as well as smoking (Cardenal and Adell, 2000;Dawson, 2000;Grucza and Bierut, 2006) and cannabis abuse and dependence (Degenhardt et al, 2002;Grant and Pickering, 1998;Stinson et al, 2006). Evidence for elevated rates of cannabis and other illicit drug use disorders in individuals with PTSD is also strong (Breslau et al, 2003;Kilpatrick et al, 2000;Perkonigg et al, 2000;Reed et al, 2007), with the odds of meeting criteria for illicit drug abuse or dependence ranging from two to four times that in those without PTSD (Breslau et al, 1997;Chilcoat and Breslau, 1998;Kilpatrick et al, 2000). Similar fi ndings have been reported for nicotine dependence (Breslau et al, 2003;Perkonigg et al, 2000).…”

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confidence: 55%

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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Alcohol Dependence in Young Women

Sartor¹,

Pommer²,

Nelson³

et al. 2010

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

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ABSTRACT. Objective:The aim of the current study is to characterize the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol dependence (AD) in women, distinguishing PTSD-specifi c infl uences on AD from the contribution of co-occurring psychiatric conditions and from the infl uences of trauma more generally. Method: Trauma histories and DSM-IV lifetime diagnoses, including PTSD and AD, were obtained via telephone interview from 3,768 female twins. Based on PTSD status and trauma history, participants were categorized as no trauma (43.7%), trauma without PTSD (52.6%), or trauma with PTSD (3.7%). Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were conducted using trauma/PTSD status to predict AD, fi rst adjusting only for ethnicity and parental problem drinking, then including conduct disorder, major depressive disorder, regular smoking, and cannabis abuse. Results: Before accounting for psychiatric covariates, elevated rates of AD were evident in both trauma-exposed groups, but those with PTSD were at signifi cantly greater risk for AD than those without PTSD. This distinction was no longer statistically signifi cant when psychiatric covariates were included in the model, but both trauma-exposed groups continued to show elevated odds of developing AD compared with the no trauma group. Conclusions: The elevated rates of AD in women who have experienced trauma are not accounted for in full by psychiatric conditions that commonly co-occur with AD and trauma exposure. The greater likelihood of developing AD in the subset of trauma-exposed individuals who develop PTSD may refl ect higher levels of distress and/ or higher rates of psychopathology associated with traumas that lead to PTSD rather than PTSD-specifi c infl uences. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 71, 810-818, 2010)

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Section: Association Of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Trauma Withsupporting

confidence: 76%

mentioning

confidence: 55%

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Alcohol Dependence in Young Women

Sartor¹,

Pommer²,

Nelson³

et al. 2010

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

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“…An association between stress and an increased risk of abusing addictive substances already is well established (56)(57)(58)(59)(60). For example, chronic stress has been shown to be a strong predictor of addiction vulnerability (58), and posttraumatic stress disorder is closely associated with an increased incidence of nicotine, alcohol, and other drug abuse (60).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Ghrelin mediates stress-induced food-reward behavior in mice

Chuang¹,

Perelló²,

Sakata³

et al. 2011

J. Clin. Invest.

308

344

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The popular media and personal anecdotes are rich with examples of stress-induced eating of calorically dense "comfort foods." Such behavioral reactions likely contribute to the increased prevalence of obesity in humans experiencing chronic stress or atypical depression. However, the molecular substrates and neurocircuits controlling the complex behaviors responsible for stress-based eating remain mostly unknown, and few animal models have been described for probing the mechanisms orchestrating this response. Here, we describe a system in which food-reward behavior, assessed using a conditioned place preference (CPP) task, is monitored in mice after exposure to chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), a model of prolonged psychosocial stress, featuring aspects of major depression and posttraumatic stress disorder. Under this regime, CSDS increased both CPP for and intake of high-fat diet, and stress-induced food-reward behavior was dependent on signaling by the peptide hormone ghrelin. Also, signaling specifically in catecholaminergic neurons mediated not only ghrelin's orexigenic, antidepressant-like, and food-reward behavioral effects, but also was sufficient to mediate stress-induced food-reward behavior. Thus, this mouse model has allowed us to ascribe a role for ghrelin-engaged catecholaminergic neurons in stress-induced eating. IntroductionMost humans experience altered feeding behaviors upon stress, with approximately 40% eating more and 40% eating less than usual (1). Furthermore, upon stress, most people report an increase in the intake of highly palatable foods, independent of hyperphagia or hypophagia (2, 3). Altered eating is also a frequent finding in individuals with major depressive disorder, with the "atypical" subtype even containing hyperphagia as a possible distinguishing characteristic (4). In one study, 46% of study subjects who met DSM-IV criteria for major depressive disorder with atypical features reported increased appetite (5). Of the remaining depressed patients without atypical features, 18% reported increased appetite, while 50% reported decreased appetite (5). The complex eating behaviors that are associated with and/or stimulated by stress and major depression undoubtedly contribute to the increased number of overweight and obese individuals who experience or have experienced stress and depression. For example, a longitudinal study from New Zealand showed that major depression in late-adolescent girls was associated with a 2.3-fold increased risk of obesity in adulthood and, furthermore, that the prevalence of obesity in adulthood was positively correlated with the number of major depressive episodes during adolescence in these girls (6). In another study, 47% of a large cohort of subjects with atypical depression reported increased body weight (5). Also, the combined overweight and obesity prevalence in a sample of US veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder was found in a chart review study to exceed that within the US general population by 20% (7).

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“…In a study of young adults, Reed, Anthony, and Breslau (2007) found that traumatic experiences were associated with excess risk for substance abuse or dependence only if mediated by the occurrence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A substantial amount of research has confirmed a close relation between PTSD and SUD, suggesting that 30–60% of individuals seeking help for SUD meet the criteria for lifetime PTSD (Brady, McCauley, & Back, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood maltreatment trauma: a comparison between patients in treatment for substance use disorders and patients in mental health treatment

Rasmussen¹,

Arefjord

Winje

et al. 2018

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background: While previous research has found strong associations between childhood maltreatment trauma and substance use disorders (SUDs), the role of possible moderating effects of gender and mediating effects of psychopathology and SUD is unclear.Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate differences in self-reported childhood maltreatment trauma, general psychological distress, and post-traumatic stress symptoms between 112 patients in treatment for substance use disorders (SUD group) and 112 matched controls with mild to moderate mental health disorders (comparison group).Methods: Childhood maltreatment trauma was measured by the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire – Short Form (CTQ-SF). General psychological distress was measured by the Symptom Checklist-90 – Revised (SCL-90-R), and post-traumatic stress symptoms were measured by the Impact of Event Scale – Revised (IES-R).Results: The SUD group reported more severe childhood maltreatment trauma than the comparison group. Females in the SUD group reported more severe and various forms of trauma compared to males. The SUD group reported higher mean scores on the SCL-90-R, but the proportions of people with caseness scores on the IES-R and the SCL-90-R were similar in the two samples. The SUD group reported more avoidance symptoms than the comparison group.Conclusion: This study adds further evidence to the repeatedly found strong associations between childhood maltreatment trauma and SUD, implying that the prevention of childhood maltreatment trauma may reduce the occurrence of SUD. Furthermore, patients with SUD should be screened for childhood maltreatment trauma, and the results should be applied in trauma-informed as well as trauma-focused interventions aimed to help this population. The association appears to be particularly strong for female substance users.

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Incidence of Drug Problems in Young Adults Exposed to Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Cited by 128 publications

References 63 publications

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Alcohol Dependence in Young Women

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Alcohol Dependence in Young Women

Ghrelin mediates stress-induced food-reward behavior in mice

Childhood maltreatment trauma: a comparison between patients in treatment for substance use disorders and patients in mental health treatment

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