Incidence of acute respiratory infections in Australia

Chen, Yingxi; Kirk, Martyn

doi:10.1017/s0950268813002471

Cited by 32 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The weekly (or by extrapolation, 3-month) incidence of ARIs reported by our subjects in two US communities was in the range of the incidence of ARIs reported in a telephone survey of residents of Australia during the 2008-2009 season, reported in this journal [39]. In that telephone-based survey, 20% of subjects selfreported ARI symptoms (based on very similar definitions to ours) within the past 4 weeks.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Incidence and viral aetiologies of acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) in the United States: a population-based study

et al. 2016

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We conducted prospective, community-wide surveillance for acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) in Rochester, NY and Marshfield, WI during a 3-month period in winter 2011. We estimated the incidence of ARIs in each community, tested for viruses, and determined the proportion of ARIs associated with healthcare visits. We used a rolling cross-sectional design to sample participants, conducted telephone interviews to assess ARI symptoms (defined as a current illness with feverishness or cough within the past 7 days), collected nasal/throat swabs to identify viruses, and extracted healthcare utilization from outpatient/inpatient records. Of 6492 individuals, 321 reported an ARI within 7 days (4·9% total, 5·7% in Rochester, 4·4% in Marshfield); swabs were collected from 208 subjects. The cumulative ARI incidence for the entire 3-month period was 52% in Rochester [95% confidence interval (CI) 42-63] and 35% in Marshfield (95% CI 28-42). A specific virus was identified in 39% of specimens: human coronavirus (13% of samples), rhinovirus (12%), RSV (7%), influenza virus (4%), human metapneumovirus (4%), and adenovirus (1%). Only 39/200 (20%) had a healthcare visit (2/9 individuals with influenza). ARI incidence was ~5% per week during winter.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Incidence and viral aetiologies of acute respiratory illnesses (ARIs) in the United States: a population-based study

et al. 2016

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“…Causes for the Christmas holiday effect that are unlikely considering the New Zealand data include: Respiratory diseases: Given that Christmas falls in the summer season within the Southern Hemisphere, respiratory illness seems to be an unlikely contributor to the increased mortality rate. Respiratory disease rates show a strong correlation with the winter season in New Zealand and other Southern Hemisphere countries and so are unlikely to play a major role in any Christmas holiday effect in New Zealand. Increased particulate pollution: Phillips and colleagues conjectured that the increased particulate matter during their winter season might be a cause of the increased cardiac mortality rate. Pollution levels peak in many parts of the world in winter because of increased heating, which is not a factor in the New Zealand summer …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revisiting the “Christmas Holiday Effect” in the Southern Hemisphere

Knight

Schilling

Barnett

et al. 2016

JAHA

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BackgroundA “Christmas holiday effect” showing elevated cardiovascular mortality over the Christmas holidays (December 25 to January 7) was demonstrated previously in study from the United States. To separate the effect of seasonality from any holiday effect, a matching analysis was conducted for New Zealand, where the Christmas holiday period falls within the summer season.Methods and ResultsNew Zealand mortality data for a 25‐year period (1988–2013) was analyzed based on the same methodology used in the previous study. Locally weighted smoothing was used to calculate an “expected” number of deaths for each day of the year. The expected value was compared with the actual number of deaths. In addition, mean age at death was estimated and used to assess the life‐years lost due to excess mortality. There were 738 409 deaths (197 109 coded as cardiac deaths) during the period. We found evidence of a Christmas holiday effect in our of medical facility's cardiac deaths, with an excess event rate of 4.2% (95% CI 0.7–7.7%) leading to ≈4 additional deaths per annum. The average age of those with fatal cardiac deaths was 76.8 years (SD 13.5) during the Christmas holiday period, resulting in 148 to 222 years of life lost per annum.ConclusionsCardiac mortality is elevated during the Christmas holiday period relative to surrounding time periods. Our findings are consistent with a previously reported study conducted in the United States, suggesting that cardiac mortality does not take a “summer break.”

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“…12 The NGSII-2008 study was a national cross-sectional telephone survey of 7578 participants conducted over 12 months in 2008-2009 in which infectious gastroenteritis was defined as at least three loose stools or two vomits in 24 h, in the absence of an identified non-infectious cause. 13 The full methodology of that study is a repeat of the earlier national gastroenteritis survey. 2 …”

Section: Selecting Data Sources Used In These Daly Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%