Incidence Estimate of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer in the United States, 2006

Rogers, Howard W.; Weinstock, Martin A.; Harris, Ashlynne R.; Hinckley, Michael; Feldman, Steven R.; Fleischer, Alan B.; Coldiron, Brett M.

doi:10.1001/archdermatol.2010.19

Cited by 1,043 publications

(845 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…About 2 million people in the United States are diagnosed and treated for nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) yearly, making it the most common form of cancer 1, and in 2012, there were nearly 100,000 cases registered in Great Britain 2, 3, 4, 5. The majority of NMSCs are basal cell carcinomas (BCC) or squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) 6.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction in squamous cell carcinomas in mouse skin by dietary zinc supplementation

Sun

Shen²,

Schrock

et al. 2016

Cancer Medicine

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Inadequate dietary Zn consumption increases susceptibility to esophageal and other cancers in humans and model organisms. Since Zn supplementation can prevent cancers in rodent squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) models, we were interested in determining if it could have a preventive effect in a rodent skin cancer model, as a preclinical basis for considering a role for Zn in prevention of human nonmelanoma skin cancers, the most frequent cancers in humans. We used the 7,12‐dimethyl benzanthracene carcinogen/phorbol myristate acetate tumor promoter treatment method to induce skin tumors in Zn‐sufficient wild‐type and Fhit (human or mouse protein) knockout mice. Fhit protein expression is lost in >50% of human cancers, including skin SCCs, and Fhit‐deficient mice show increased sensitivity to carcinogen induction of tumors. We hypothesized that: (1) the skin cancer burdens would be reduced by Zn supplementation; (2) Fhit −/−(Fhit, murine fragile histidine triad gene) mice would show increased susceptibility to skin tumor induction versus wild‐type mice. 30 weeks after initiating treatment, the tumor burden was increased ~2‐fold in Fhit −/− versus wild‐type mice (16.2 versus 7.6 tumors, P < 0.001); Zn supplementation significantly reduced tumor burdens in Fhit −/− mice (males and females combined, 16.2 unsupplemented versus 10.3 supplemented, P = 0.001). Most importantly, the SCC burden was reduced after Zn supplementation in both strains and genders of mice, most significantly in the wild‐type males (P = 0.035). Although the mechanism(s) of action of Zn supplementation in skin tumor prevention is not known in detail, the Zn‐supplemented tumors showed evidence of reduced DNA damage and some cohorts showed reduced inflammation scores. The results suggest that mild Zn supplementation should be tested for prevention of skin cancer in high‐risk human cohorts.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction in squamous cell carcinomas in mouse skin by dietary zinc supplementation

Sun

Shen²,

Schrock

et al. 2016

Cancer Medicine

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“…At present, no specific molecular markers are available for assessing the progression of premalignant actinic keratoses to invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) The incidence of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer is increasing globally. [1][2][3] Nonmelanoma skin cancers, including basal cell carcinoma (approximately 80%) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (approximately 20%), are among the most common cancers worldwide, and SCC has been reported as the second most common cutaneous malignancy in the white population. [1][2][3] Although early excision of cutaneous SCC is associated with a favorable outcome, for patients with metastatic disease (6%), the long-term prognosis is poor.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3] Nonmelanoma skin cancers, including basal cell carcinoma (approximately 80%) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (approximately 20%), are among the most common cancers worldwide, and SCC has been reported as the second most common cutaneous malignancy in the white population. [1][2][3] Although early excision of cutaneous SCC is associated with a favorable outcome, for patients with metastatic disease (6%), the long-term prognosis is poor. 4 Important risk factors for cutaneous SCC include exposure to UV radiation, immunosuppression, and chronic skin ulceration.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 Important risk factors for cutaneous SCC include exposure to UV radiation, immunosuppression, and chronic skin ulceration. [1][2][3] An example of the latter is individuals with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB), who often develop rapidly progressing cutaneous SCCs at sites of chronic ulceration and scarring. 5,6 At present, no specific molecular markers for progression of cutaneous SCC are available.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Serpin Peptidase Inhibitor Clade A Member 1 (SerpinA1) Is a Novel Biomarker for Progression of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Farshchian

Kivisaari

Ala-aho

et al. 2011

The American Journal of Pathology

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The incidence of keratinocyte-derived nonmelanoma skin cancers is increasing worldwide because of cumulative recreational exposure to sunlight. At present, no specific molecular markers are available for assessing the progression of premalignant actinic keratoses to invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). We examined the role of the Serpin family in skin SCCs. Expression profiling of cutaneous SCC cell lines (n ‫؍‬ 8) revealed up-regulation of SerpinA1 compared with normal epidermal keratinocytes (n ‫؍‬ 5). Analysis with quantitative RT-PCR showed that the mean level of SerpinA1 mRNA was markedly up-regulated in cutaneous SCC cell lines (n ‫؍‬ 8) compared with in normal keratinocytes. SerpinA1 production by SCC cells was dependent on p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity and was upregulated by epidermal growth factor, tumor necrosis factor-␣, interferon-␥, and IL-1␤. Immunostaining of tissue arrays with 148 human tissue samples revealed tumor cell-associated expression of SerpinA1 in 19 of 36 actinic keratoses, 22 of 29 Bowen's disease samples, 67 of 71 sporadic SCCs, and all 12 recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa-associated SCCs examined. Moreover, tumor cell-associated SerpinA1 staining was detected in all chemically induced mouse skin SCCs studied (n ‫؍‬ 17). Overexpression of SerpinA1 mRNA was also detected by quantitative RT-PCR in chemically induced mouse skin SCCs (n ‫؍‬ 14) compared with control tissues (n ‫؍‬ 14). These data identify SerpinA1 as a novel tumor cell-associated biomarker for progression of cutaneous SCCs.

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“…An estimated 3.5 million new cases are diagnosed every year in the United States alone and about 580,000 in England, Europe, and Australia 1 , 2 . NMSCs occur most commonly in the middle‐aged and older populations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Varian HDR surface applicators — commissioning and clinical implementation

Iftimia

McKee

Halvorsen

2016

J Applied Clin Med Phys

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The purpose of this study was to validate the dosimetric performance of Varian surface applicators with the source vertically positioned and develop procedures for clinical implementation. The Varian surface applicators with the source vertically positioned provide a wide range of apertures making them clinically advantageous, though the steep dose gradient in the region of 3‐4 mm prescription depth presents multiple challenges. The following commissioning tests were performed: 1) verification of functional integrity and physical dimensions; and 2) dosimetric measurements to validate data provided by Varian as well as data obtained using the Acuros algorithm for heterogeneity corrected dose calculation. A solid water (SW) phantom was scanned and the Acuros algorithm was used to compute the dose at 5 mm depth and at surface for all applicators. Two sets of reference dose measurements were performed, with the source positioned at (i) −10 mm and (ii) −15 mm from the center of the first nominal dwell position. Measurements were taken at 5 mm depth in a SW phantom and in air at the applicator surface. The results were then compared to the vendor's data and to the Acuros calculated dose. Relative dose measurements using Gafchromic films were taken at a depth of 4 mm in SW. Percent depth ionization (PDI) measurements using ion chamber were performed in SW. The profiles generated from film measurements and the PDI plots were compared with those computed using the Acuros algorithm and vendor's data, when available. Preliminary leakage tests were performed using optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLDs) and the results were compared with Acuros predictions. All applicators were found to be functional with physical dimensions within 1 mm of specifications. For scenario (ii) measurements taken in SW at 5 mm depth and in air at the surface of each applicator were within 10% and 4% agreement with vendor's data, respectively. Compared with Acuros predictions, these measurements were within 6% and 5%, respectively. Measurements taken for scenario (i) showed reduced agreement with both the vendor's data as well as the Acuros calculations, especially when using the 10 mm applicator. The full widths of the measured dose profiles were within 2 mm of those predicted by Acuros at the 90% dose level. The PDI plots and measured leakage dose were in good agreement with vendor's data and Acuros predictions. Based on the dosimetric results, a quality assurance program and procedures for clinical implementation were developed. Treatment planning will be performed using scenario (ii). The 10 mm applicator will not be released for clinical use. A prescription depth of 4 mm is recommended, to ensure full coverage at 3 mm and a minimum dose of 90% of prescribed dose at 4 mm depth.PACS number(s): 87.55 Qr, 87.56 Da, 87.90 +y

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Incidence Estimate of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer in the United States, 2006

Cited by 1,043 publications

References 25 publications

Reduction in squamous cell carcinomas in mouse skin by dietary zinc supplementation

Reduction in squamous cell carcinomas in mouse skin by dietary zinc supplementation

Serpin Peptidase Inhibitor Clade A Member 1 (SerpinA1) Is a Novel Biomarker for Progression of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Varian HDR surface applicators — commissioning and clinical implementation

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