Incidence and Risk of Concussions in Youth Athletes: Comparisons of Age, Sex, Concussion History, Sport, and Football Position

Tsushima, William T.; Siu, Andrea M; Ahn, Hyeong Jun; Chang, Bolin L; Murata, Nathan M.

doi:10.1093/arclin/acy019

Cited by 70 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Previous studies show that student-athletes who participate in contact sports and who are males are also more likely to have a concussion history. [23][24][25] Demographic findings from this study were consistent with contact sport participation's association with concussion history (30.4% of contact sport student-athletes vs. 20.0% of noncontact sport student-athletes reported a concussion history). These findings could demonstrate that contact sport student-athletes are more likely to receive concussion education because they are at a higher risk for being exposed to injury.…”

Section: O N L I N E F I R S T Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Association Between Previous Concussion Education and Concussion Care-Seeking Outcomes among NCAA Division I Student-Athletes

Callahan

Kay

Kerr

et al. 2020

Journal of Athletic Training

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Context: There are limited data concerning differences in concussion education exposure and how education exposures relates to care-seeking and symptom disclosure, specifically in Division I student-athletes. Objective: Investigate demographic characteristics associated with concussion education exposure and examine whether overall education exposure (yes vs. no) and education source exposure number (multiple sources vs. single source) affects concussion care-seeking and disclosure factors in Division I student-athletes. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Classroom or online. Participants: NCAA Division I student-athletes (n=341). Main Outcome Measure(s): Frequencies and proportions were computed for sex, race, school year, sport, and concussion history across concussion education groups. Prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) quantified the association between student-athlete characteristics and 1) overall concussion education exposure and 2) source exposure number. Separate multivariable linear regression models estimated adjusted mean differences (MD) and 95%CI to assess differences in concussion knowledge, attitudes, and perceived social norms relative to concussion education exposure and exposure to multiple sources. Separate multivariable binomial regression models estimated adjusted PRs and 95%CI to assess associations of intention, perceived control, and care-seeking/disclosure behaviors and overall concussion education exposure and exposure to multiple sources. All models controlled for sex, sport, and concussion history. Results: Overall, n=276 (80.9%) reported previous concussion education, with 179 (64.9%) exposed to multiple sources. Student-athletes that participated in a contact sport (adjusted PR=1.24, 95%CI=1.06,1.44) and those who had a concussion history (adjusted PR=1.19, 95%CI=1.09,1.31) had higher prevalence of previous concussion education exposure. Females had a lower prevalence of reporting multiple sources (adjusted PR=0.82, 95%CI=0.68, 0.99). Overall concussion education exposure was significantly associated with more favorable perceived social norms surrounding concussion care-seeking (adjusted MD=1.37, 95%CI=0.13,2.61). Conclusions: Findings highlight potential differences in overall concussion education exposure and provide clinicians with information on groups who may benefit from targeted additional education.

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Section: O N L I N E F I R S T Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Association Between Previous Concussion Education and Concussion Care-Seeking Outcomes among NCAA Division I Student-Athletes

Callahan

Kay

Kerr

et al. 2020

Journal of Athletic Training

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“…In studies on high school sports, the largest proportion of concussions occurs in football athletes, ranging from 33.6% to 63.4% of all diagnosed concussions. 4,5,11,12,21,23,24 In this study, the highest number of concussions also occurred in football. The next highest number of concussions occurred in girls' soccer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

“…This is consistent with other studies in which girls' soccer athletes typically represent the second largest group of concussed athletes behind football, representing 6.2% to 12.9% of concussion injuries. 4,11,12,21,24 Concussion injury rates per 1000 AEs in high school athletic programs are between 0.17 and 0.43. 7,19 In this study, the overall concussion rate across a statewide program was significantly higher than previously reported.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concussion Epidemiology in Youth Sports: Sports Study of a Statewide High School Sports Program

et al. 2020

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Background: Current research on concussion incidence in youth athletes (age <18 years) is small and limited by variability in injury reporting and diagnostic methodology. Hypothesis: Concussion injuries commonly occur in high school sports programs. The likelihood of concussion among student-athletes (aged 13-18 years) depends on the sport they are participating in as well as the sex of the athlete. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: A retrospective analysis of all Hawaii high school athletes aged 13 to 18 years participating in 14 sports from 2011 through 2017 was performed as part of a statewide standardized concussion assessment and management program. Results: A total of 5993 concussions were identified among 92,966 athletes. The overall concussion rate was 0.96 (95% CI, 0.94-0.99). Girls’ judo had the highest concussion rate (1.92; 95% CI, 1.68-2.17) followed by football (1.60; 95% CI, 1.53-1.66). The concussion rate for boys (1.0; 95% CI, 0.97-1.03) was higher than that for girls (0.91; 95% CI, 0.87-0.95); however, in 4 of the 5 sports in which both girls and boys participated, girls had a higher rate of concussion injury. Conclusion: The likelihood of concussion among student-athletes aged 13 to 18 years may be higher than previously thought and varies depending on sport and sex. Clinical Relevance: Epidemiologic data on concussion injury in children and adolescents are useful in accurately determining the relative risks of high school sports participation and may be valuable in determining the appropriate allocation of health care and scholastic resources for student-athletes, as well as the impact of rule and training modifications designed to improve participant safety.

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“…Concussion or mTBI-related injuries have been a growing issue, both in adults and youths. [56][57][58][59] While return to baseline after 3 weeks is common in individuals aged 5-14 years, 58 post-concussion syndrome (concussion-like symptoms lasting over 3 months following mTBI) has been shown to persist for over 6 months in 40% of mTBI patients. 60 Post-concussion syndrome can have negative effects on the individual's day-today activities, as shown through its negative associations with health-related quality of life, assessed by the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey and Perceived Quality of Life Scale.…”

Section: Concussion Implication and Endocannabinoid Neurophysiology Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroprotection Following Concussion: The Potential Role for Cannabidiol

Singh

Neary

2020

Can. J. Neurol. Sci.

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ABSTRACT:Cannabidiol (CBD) has been generating increasing interest in medicine due to its therapeutic properties and an apparent lack of negative side effects. Research has suggested that high dosages of CBD can be taken acutely and chronically with little to no risk. This review focuses on the neuroprotective effects of a CBD, with an emphasis on its implications for recovering from a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) or concussion. CBD has been shown to influence the endocannabinoid system, both by affecting cannabinoid receptors and other receptors involved in the endocannabinoid system such as vanilloid receptor 1, adenosine receptors, and 5-hydroxytryptamine via cannabinoid receptor-independent mechanisms. Concussions can result in many physiological consequences, potentially resulting in post-concussion syndrome. While impairments in cerebrovascular and cardiovascular physiology following concussion have been shown, there is unfortunately still no single treatment available to enhance recovery. CBD has been shown to influence the blood brain barrier, brain-derived neurotrophic factors, cognitive capacity, the cerebrovasculature, cardiovascular physiology, and neurogenesis, all of which have been shown to be altered by concussion. CBD can therefore potentially provide treatment to enhance neuroprotection by reducing inflammation, regulating cerebral blood flow, enhancing neurogenesis, and protecting the brain against reactive oxygen species. Double-blind randomized controlled trials are still required to validate the use of CBD as medication following mild TBIs, such as concussion.

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Incidence and Risk of Concussions in Youth Athletes: Comparisons of Age, Sex, Concussion History, Sport, and Football Position

Cited by 70 publications

References 42 publications

Association Between Previous Concussion Education and Concussion Care-Seeking Outcomes among NCAA Division I Student-Athletes

Association Between Previous Concussion Education and Concussion Care-Seeking Outcomes among NCAA Division I Student-Athletes

Concussion Epidemiology in Youth Sports: Sports Study of a Statewide High School Sports Program

Neuroprotection Following Concussion: The Potential Role for Cannabidiol

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