Incidence and risk factors of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine neoplasm metastasis in liver, lung, bone, and brain: A population‐based study

Abstract

BackgroundNeuroendocrine neoplasm is a rare solid tumor. Metastatic pattern of the gastrointestinal neuroendocrine neoplasm (GI‐NEN) has not been fully explored.MethodsData were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (SEER‐9 registry) from 1973 to 2015. Incidence was estimated by Joinpoint regression analyses. Data with additional treatment fields of GI‐NEN were extracted from the SEER‐18 registry from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2015. A total of 14 685 GI‐NEN patients were included in this study. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 25.0, the Intercooled Stata SE 15.0, and GraphPad Prism 7.ResultsIncidence of GI‐NENs increased from 0.51 per 100 000 patients in 1973 to 6.20 per 100 000 patients in 2015. Of them, 2003 patients were stage IV GI‐NEN at the time of diagnosis, including 1459 (72.84%) patients with liver metastasis, 144 (7.19%) lung metastasis, 115 (5.74%) bone metastasis, and 27 (1.35%) brain metastasis. Esophageal NEN had the highest risk of metastasis (52.68%). The median survival for patients with liver, lung, bone, and brain metastasis was 38, 6, 9, and 2 months, respectively. The presence of lung or liver metastasis indicated higher risk of concurrent existence of bone and brain metastasis than those without.ConclusionBone and brain metastasis should be screened in the GI‐NEN patients if they had lung or liver metastasis. Findings of the current study could help clinicians to identify distant metastasis of GI‐NENs as early as possible, and by which, to improve survival rate of GI‐NENs.

Clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of 77 cases with type 3 gastric neuroendocrine tumours

“…Additionally, distant metastasis was an independent risk factor affecting prognosis. Studies related to prognosis for type 3 g-NETs were scare, but several studies of gastroenteropancreatic NETs[ 34 - 36 ] had shown that distant metastasis was significantly associated with prognosis.…”

Inherently PET/CT Dual Modality Imaging Lipid Nanocapsules for Early Detection of Orthotopic Lung Tumors

“…4,5 However, the detection of these cancer markers still can not be used to determine the early stage of lung cancer, but only as a risk indicator for lung cancer. 6 Some invasive tests can provide evidence but may lead to pneumothorax and related complications. Traditional medical imaging techniques, such as X-ray 7−10 and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 11−13 can only detect lung cancer in the midstage, and can not accurately diagnose early lung cancer and stage lung cancer.…”

Recent developments and ongoing trials in transplant oncology

“…At the time of neuroendocrine tumour (NET) diagnosis, there are synchronous metastases in already 21%-55% of the patients, [116][117][118][119] of which 72%-82% are located in the liver. 118,120 In the overall NET population, a median survival rate of 112 months is reported, 119 and drops to 38 months in patients with liver metastases. 120 Gastroenteropancreatic NETs (GEP-NET) represent 61% of all NETs, 121 and harbour the highest risk for metastasis.…”

“…118,120 In the overall NET population, a median survival rate of 112 months is reported, 119 and drops to 38 months in patients with liver metastases. 120 Gastroenteropancreatic NETs (GEP-NET) represent 61% of all NETs, 121 and harbour the highest risk for metastasis. 118 Resection of the primary tumour is critical to maximize OS.…”

“…Given the increasing annual incidence of nearly 5% in past decades and a current incidence of 5-7 per 100 000, NETs are very likely to become a growing constituent of daily oncology care. 116,117,119,120 To date, only a few markers with limited diagnostic and therapeutic value are available. However, several new biomarkers, including peptides/growth factors, DNA/RNA markers and circulating tumour cells are being evaluated.…”