Incidence and origin of Clostridium difficile in neonates

Al-Jumaili, I J; Shibley, Mary Kay; Lishman, A H; Record, C. O.

doi:10.1128/jcm.19.1.77-78.1984

Cited by 118 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…There are toxic compounds, for example toxin produced by Clostridium difficile , in stool which can cause effect similar to enterovirus CPE [Schmidt et al, 1980; Faden et al, 2006]. C. difficile is common in stool of healthy children but it is found rarely in adults [Al‐Jumaili et al, 1984]. The high culturing positivity prevalence includes positive findings from minor to total CPE, which may skew the results too.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early human enterovirus infections in healthy Swedish children participating in the PRODIA pilot study

Simonen-Tikka

Hiekka

Klemola

et al. 2012

Journal of Medical Virology

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Human enteroviruses (HEV) are common, especially in childhood and during the enterovirus season, causing mainly asymptomatic infections but also mild and severe illnesses. Numerous studies have shown the association between HEV infections and type 1 diabetes. Here, the prevalence of HEV infections was studied in healthy Swedish children with increased HLA‐associated risk for type 1 diabetes participating in the PRODIA pilot study in which children were randomized to receive probiotics or placebo during the first 6 months of life. Stool specimens collected from 197 children in every 3 months from the age of 3 to 24 months were screened for HEV using traditional viral culturing method and identified with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and sequencing of the partial VP1 coding part of the viral genome. Altogether 4.8% (52/1,094) of the specimens were HEV‐positive and 22.3% (44/197) of the children excreted HEV during the follow‐up. HEV‐A and HEV‐B were present in 2.1 and 2.7% of the specimens, respectively. HEV‐C and HEV‐D viruses were not detected. In total, 17 different HEV serotypes were detected and the most common findings were CV‐A9 (13.5%), CV‐A16 (11.5%), and CV‐A2 (9.6%). The majority of the infections (92.3%) were during the enterovirus season extending from July to December. Probiotic treatment did not affect significantly the risk of HEV infections during the 2‐year follow‐up although a trend for transient decrease for HEV positivity (HEV‐A and/or HEV‐B) by the age of 12 months was observed in children who received probiotics [OR 0.40; 95% confidence interval 0.15 to 1.08; P‐value 0.071, generalized estimating (GEE) analysis]. According to the results, HEV‐A findings were nearly as common as HEV‐B findings among the healthy children participating in this study. Also it was shown that serotypes belonging to HEV‐A species can be detected by means of viral culturing. J. Med. Virol. 84:923–930, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early human enterovirus infections in healthy Swedish children participating in the PRODIA pilot study

Simonen-Tikka

Hiekka

Klemola

et al. 2012

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…This is because toxigenic strains of C difficile are well documented to at least transiently colonize the gastrointestinal tract of asymptomatic individuals (4, 5, 13, 18, 26). High rates of asymptomatic carriage have been described in neonates (2,7,31), patients with cystic fibrosis (28,37), and hospitalized patients who acquire their strains via nosocomial transmission (14,22,24,26,35).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated gastrointestinal disease: comparison of a monoclonal antibody enzyme immunoassay for toxins A and B with a monoclonal antibody enzyme immunoassay for toxin A only and two cytotoxicity assays

Doern

Coughlin

1992

J Clin Microbiol

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A total of 320 stool specimens obtained from 262 patients suspected of having Clostridium diffciIe-associated gastrointestinal disease were examined with two cytotoxicity assays (CTAs) and two commercially available enzyme immunoassays (EIAs). The CTAs were an in-house-developed procedure (University of Massachusetts Medical Center [UMMC], Worcester, Mass.) and a commercial test (Bartels CTA; Baxter Healthcare Corp., West Sacramento, Calif.). One EIA was a monoclonal antibody-based assay for C. difficile toxins A and B (Cambridge Biotech Corp. [CBCJ, Worcester, Mass.). The other EIA employed monoclonal antibodies directed against only toxin A (Meridian Diagnostics, Cincinnati, Ohio). True-positive and true-negative results were defined on the basis of the results of the four assays, clinical assessments of patients, and the results of other laboratory tests. The sensitivities of the four assays were as follows: Bartels CTA, 100%o; UMMC CTA, 97.2%; CBC EIA, 84.5%; and Meridian EIA, 69.0%o. The Bartels CTA demonstrated a specificity of 99.2%. The other three assays had a specificity of 100%o.

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“…Infants, for some unknown reason, are refractory to PMC even though they carry high numbers of the organism and high levels of toxins A and B in their stools (5,27,30,31,50,58,89,98,124,136,152,195,212,216,221,233,(235)(236)(237). In fact, it has been estimated that 50% or higher of infants are colonized with toxigenic C. difficile and are asymptomatic.…”

Section: Difficile Disease In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%