Incidence and Mortality of Snake Bite in Savanna Nigeria

Detection of venom by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in patients bitten by snakes in Thailand.

“…Envenoming by N kaouthia was mild in the five patients in this study, but in a previous study we have shown that the occurrence of neurotoxic symptoms did correlate with serum venom concentrations on admission. ' The results of this study suggest that the combination of snake preservation and identification and venom antigen detection may be much more accurate for studying the epidemiology of snakebite than the measurement ofantibodies in a population.9 17 Non-specific and cross reactivity in antibody detection assays is much more difficult to overcome than in venom detection assays and at times may represent true cross reactions between venom and antibodies to other toxins in the environment. The clinical value ofELISA would be greatly increased if it could be carried out more simply and rapidly.…”

Snake bite envenomation in Riyadh province of Saudi Arabia over the period (2005–2010)

“…Each year there are over 8000 and 3000 poisonous bites in the U.S.A. and Australia respectively. Considerable studies on snake bites have been undertaken in several countries such as South-East Asia (Sawai et al,1972), Nigeria (Pugh and Theakston, 1980;Paramonte, 2007), Papua New Guinea (Currie et al, 1991), South East of the Arabian Peninsula (Alkaabi et al, 2011), Central Iran (Dehghani et al, 2012(Dehghani et al, , 2014a Senegal (Trape et al, 2001), Brazil (Franco et al, 2001), India (Mohapatra et al, 2011), Nepal (Sharma et al, 2004), Malaysia (Chew et al, 2011) and Morocco (Arfaoui et al, 2009). Approximately 30% of the 3000 snakes across the globe are venomous and considered dangerous to humans (Hider et al, 1991).…”

Venom gland EST analysis of the saw-scaled viper, Echis ocellatus, reveals novel α9β1 integrin-binding motifs in venom metalloproteinases and a new group of putative toxins, renin-like aspartic proteases

“…vipers) and elapids (e.g. cobras) is estimated to cause over 20,000 deaths annually in West Africa (Pugh and Theakston, 1980;Chippaux, 2002). Envenoming by the saw-scaled viper, Echis ocellatus, causes severe blistering, oedema and necrosis at the bite site and life threatening systemic effects including haemorrhage, coagulopathy and occasionally hypovolaemic shock (Pugh and Theakston, 1987).…”