Incidence and Characteristics of Suspected Deep Tissue Pressure Injuries on the Foot and Ankle

Abstract

PURPOSE:The purpose of this study was to measure the incidence of suspected deep tissue pressure injuries (DTPIs) in patients admitted to the hospital, describe their location, identify the related hospital length of stay, and explore any associations between intrinsic or extrinsic factors relevant to DTPI development. DESIGN: Retrospective review/audit of clinical data. SUBJECTS AND SETTING:We reviewed pertinent medical data from patients reported as developing a suspected deep tissue injury during hospital admission from January 2018 to March 2020. The study setting was a large tertiary public health service in Victoria, Australia. METHODS: Patients who developed a suspected deep tissue injury during hospital admission between January 2018 and March 2020 were identified through the hospital online risk recording system. Data were extracted from the relevant health records, including demographics, admission data, and pressure injury data. The incidence rate was expressed per 1000 patient admissions. Multiple regression analyses were used to determine associations between the time (days) to develop a suspected deep tissue injury and intrinsic (patient level) or extrinsic (hospital level) factors. RESULTS: Six hundred fifty-one pressure injuries were recorded during the audit period. A minority (9.5%; n = 62) of patients developed a suspected deep tissue injury; all were located on the foot and ankle. The incidence of suspected deep tissue injuries was 0.18 per 1000 patient admissions. The mean length of stay among patients who developed a DTPI was 59.0 (SD = 51.9) days as compared to a mean of 4.2 (SD = 11.8) days for all patients admitted to the hospital during this period. Multivariate regression analysis determined that the longer time (in days) to develop a pressure injury was associated with having a higher body weight (Coef = 0.02; 95% CI = 0.00 to 0.04; P = .043), not having off-loading (Coef = −3.63; 95% CI = −6.99 to −0.27; P = .034), and an increasing number of ward transfers (Coef = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.20 to 0.72; P = .001). CONCLUSIONS: Findings identified factors that may play a role in the development of suspected deep tissue injuries. A review of risk stratification in health services may be beneficial, with consideration to adjustments of procedural assessments of patients at risk.