Incentives and deterrents for drug-taking behaviour in elite sports: a holistic and developmental approach

Kegelaers, Jolan Jelle; Wylleman, Paul; Brandt, Koen De; Rossem, Nicky Van; Rosier, Nathalie

doi:10.1080/16184742.2017.1384505

Cited by 26 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Personal ethical standards, anticipated feelings of shame and guilt, and the influence of significant others, are instead the main factors that athletes point to when questioned on why they do not used prohibited means (Bloodworth and McNamee, 2010 ; MacNamara and Collins, 2014 ). Motives for clean sport behaviour are driven by values and early childhood experiences, viewing doping as cheating and a threat to the sport they love, as well as valuing authenticity and long-term health (Overbye et al, 2013 ; Lazuras et al, 2017 ; Whitaker et al, 2017 ; Kegelaers et al, 2018 ; Petroczi et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racing Clean in a Tainted World: A Qualitative Exploration of the Experiences and Views of Clean British Elite Distance Runners on Doping and Anti-Doping

2021

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Background: Doping has been a prominent issue for the sport of athletics in recent years. The endurance disciplines, which currently account for 56% of the global anti-doping rule violations in athletics, appear to be particularly high risk for doping.Objective: Using this high-risk, high-pressure context, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the human impact of doping and anti-doping on “clean” athletes. The secondary aim of the study was to better understand the reasons for, and barriers to, competing “clean” among this group of athletes.Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 elite distance runners from the UK to explore: (1) the reasons and motivations for competing clean. (2) Perceptions of the anti-doping system, and experiences of being part of that system. (3) Views on the prevalence and causes of doping and the impact of doping on the lives of clean athletes. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using Reflexive Thematic Analysis.Results: Four major themes were identified: (1) The participants in this study have not been tempted to use prohibited substances or methods; they compete in their sport for the personal satisfaction of seeing how good they can be, rather than in pursuit of winning at all costs. (2) Anti-doping does not currently prevent doping effectively and is not implemented evenly across the globe. (3) Doping was perceived as a major issue and was felt to be borne out of certain sporting cultures in which doping is enabled. (4) Doping has impacted the careers of clean athletes in irreversible ways and presents a continuing challenge to the psychological preparation for competition.Conclusions: Clean athletes suffer negative consequences from both doping and anti-doping. ADOs must collaborate across borders to ensure a more even implementation of anti-doping activities, to facilitate a more level playing field on the global stage. ADOs must also acknowledge the existence of a large group of athletes who would never consider deliberately doping and make anti-doping work for these athletes too.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Racing Clean in a Tainted World: A Qualitative Exploration of the Experiences and Views of Clean British Elite Distance Runners on Doping and Anti-Doping

2021

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“…Despite international efforts to reduce doping in professional sports, recent research indicates that PED usage rates not only have not diminished but in fact have increased in recent years (de Hon, Kuipers, & van Bottenburg, 2015). The prevalence of doping in various sports fields has been recently reported as being between 10% (Barkoukis, Lazuras, Tsorbatzoudis, & Rodafinos, 2013) and 39% (Kegelaers, Wylleman, De Brandt, Van Rossem, & Rosier, 2018). There is also nation-level variation in doping prevalence rates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, studies conducted in Iran tend to show higher levels of PED use, with recent estimates at 27% (Nakhaee, Pakravan, & Nakhaee, 2013), 32% (Bahrami, Yousefi, Kaviani, & Ariapooran, 2014), and 52% (Kabiri et al, 2018; Kabiri et al, 2018) in individual and group sports. Given the widespread use of PEDs in the face of strict rules and punishments (Kegelaers et al, 2018), PED usage is recognized as a social problem internationally (Efverström, Ahmadi, Hoff, & Bäckström, 2016). As such, there is great need to better understand the etiology of PED usage as the current efforts to reduce doping have largely failed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Multitheoretical Framework for Assessing Performance-Enhancing Drug Use: Examining the Utility of Self-Control, Social Learning, and Control Balance Theories

Kabiri

Willits

Shadmanfaat

2019

Journal of Drug Issues

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This research examines the efficacy of criminological theories for explaining variation in doping behavior in professional athletes. Self-report data were collected from a sample of 732 professional athletes from Iran. Regression models were estimated using theoretically informed measures to examine performance-enhancing drug (PED) usage. Results show that variables representing self-control theory, social learning theory, and control balance theory were statistically significant predictors of PED use and account for a sizable amount of variation in PED use. Findings suggest that criminological theory can contribute to our understanding of PED use by professional athletes, which suggests that sports regulators might benefit from examining the criminological and criminal justice literatures as they consider how to combat the sports doping crisis. The results also provide additional support for each of the theoretical traditions considered, demonstrating that these theories can be useful for examining noncriminal behavior (doping) and can be useful in non-Western contexts (Iran).

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“…whereas the latter may be driven by values and early childhood experience, seeing doping as cheating, concern about healthnot the lack of perceived need for doping. For details on reasons for and against doping use, readers are advised to consult Kegelaers et al, 2018;Lazuras et al, 2017;Overby et al, 2013. Despite the weak connection of attitudes to behavioural intention and execution, attitudes toward doping have been at the center of attention of doping behavior research.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The performance enhancement attitude scale (PEAS) reached ‘adulthood’: Lessons and recommendations from a systematic review and meta-analysis

Folkerts

Loh

Petróczi

et al. 2021

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

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Doping is an omnipresent issue in both professional and amateur sports. Advances in social science research, including studies on doping attitude, have played a pivotal role in developing an understanding that prohibition and testing alone do not deter athletes from doping. Research on doping attitude has relied heavily on the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS). Yet, to date, no systematic review and meta-analysis of the PEAS have been conducted. Thus, the purpose of this study is, for the first time, to cumulate evidence for the psychometric properties of PEAS; specifically to conduct a qualitative synthesis and perform a meta-analysis to analyze the available results and findings for internal consistency reliability, gender differences and user/non-user differences in doping attitude assessed by the PEAS. PRISMA protocol was employed for data identification and selection. Included articles were assessed for data quality and biases. Meta-analysis with random effects models was used to determine overall internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha) and descriptive statistics (Mean, SD) for a subset of studies using the full 17-item PEAS. Eighty-two studies were eligible for qualitative synthesis, and a subsample of 42 studies were meta-analyzed. The quantitative analyses yield an overall PEAS score of 39.18 (2.30 on a 6-point scale) and Cronbach's alpha of .85. Males and admitted doping users scored higher on PEAS then females and non-users, but still within the 'negative' spectrum. Medium to strong correlations were recorded with moral disengagement (r = .42-.75). The meta-analysis showed good level of internal consistency reliability for the PEAS. Overall, negative doping attitude characterized the athlete population, regardless of gender or involvement in doping. The latter, coupled with sole reliance on self-reports for doping, questions the validity of PEAS as proxy for indexing doping behavior. Future research will benefit from a standardized short version of PEAS. The evident moral angle of the PEAS limits the scale's utility as a global attitude measure and warrants recalibration of the scale as a measure of moral doping attitude. Advances in doping behavior research calls for a more nuanced understanding of the role of attitudes toward doping and clean sport behavior; new and more specific attitude measures toward doping that separate moral and functional aspects effectively, along with a psychometrically sound instrument for adolescents.

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Incentives and deterrents for drug-taking behaviour in elite sports: a holistic and developmental approach

Cited by 26 publications

References 52 publications

Racing Clean in a Tainted World: A Qualitative Exploration of the Experiences and Views of Clean British Elite Distance Runners on Doping and Anti-Doping

Racing Clean in a Tainted World: A Qualitative Exploration of the Experiences and Views of Clean British Elite Distance Runners on Doping and Anti-Doping

A Multitheoretical Framework for Assessing Performance-Enhancing Drug Use: Examining the Utility of Self-Control, Social Learning, and Control Balance Theories

The performance enhancement attitude scale (PEAS) reached ‘adulthood’: Lessons and recommendations from a systematic review and meta-analysis

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