Incense Smoke: Characterization and Dynamics in Indoor Environments

Cheng, Yung Sung; Bechtold, William E.; Yu, Chih-Sheng; Hung, I-Fu

doi:10.1080/02786829508965312

Cited by 97 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 15 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Particulate combustion products larger than 2.5μm was negligible and those larger than 10μm were even not detected in rose and aglaia incenses. Such finding in size range is consistent with those from incense burning for worshipping ancestors and gods in the literature [2], [4], [6], [9], [10]. Among the three fragrances tested, lavender incense burning generated much more amount of particles than rose and aglaia incenses.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 79%

Particle Size Distribution of Aromatic Incense Burning Products

Lin¹,

Hsu²,

Su³

2015

IJESD

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract-Aromatic incense burning, which is aimed to alleviate some psychological and physical disorders, in indoor settings has been popular globally, yet the resulting indoor air pollution and the potential hazards arisen from incense burning has usually been ignored by most people. To date, knowledge about aromatic incense burning and the potential adverse health effects are still limited. Whether the size distribution of particulate form of combustion products is determined by the fragrance of aromatic incense burning is not clear. Accordingly, the present study is aiming to explore the size distribution of the particulate products from aromatic incense burning. In this study, three kinds of aromatic incense (lavender, rose, aglaia) were combusted in a homemade chamber, the Marple cascade impactor was used to collect different size ranges of particles and other combustion-related pollutants. The results of the study indicated that most of the particles emitted were smaller than PM 2.5 , regardless the fragrance of aromatic incense. The major sizes fell within the range between 1.55μm and 0.93μm and lavender incense was found to have the greatest emission factor in this size range. Compared with the regular incenses, aromatic incense burning has smaller emission factor. This study concludes that the combustion products of these three fragrances of aromatic incense are mainly PM 2.5 and may pose adverse health effect when inhaled. Therefore, adequate ventilation is strongly suggested when aromatic incense is burning and moderate usage is advised. Moreover, future studies on other popular fragrances of incense and many more forms of aromatic products are warranted.Index Terms-Aromatic incense, particle size distribution, PM 2.5 .

show abstract

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 79%

Particle Size Distribution of Aromatic Incense Burning Products

Lin¹,

Hsu²,

Su³

2015

IJESD

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Particles were generated by burning incense (Sandalum Agarbathi Cones, Cycle Brand), which is reported to be an important source of indoor aerosol in certain countries (Cheng et al 1995). The size distributions of the incense-generated particles as a function of time are displayed in Figure S1 in the online supplemental information (SI).…”

Section: Linearity Of Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory Evaluation and Calibration of Three Low-Cost Particle Sensors for Particulate Matter Measurement

Wang

et al. 2015

Aerosol Science and Technology

367

290

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Particle sensors offer significant advantages of compact size and low cost, and have recently drawn great attention for usage as portable monitors measuring particulate matter mass concentrations. However, most sensor systems have not been thoroughly evaluated with standardized calibration protocols, and their data quality is not well documented. In this work, three low-cost particle sensors based on light scattering (Shinyei PPD42NS, Samyoung DSM501A, and Sharp GP2Y1010AU0F) were evaluated by calibration methods adapted from the US EPA 2013 Air Sensor Workshop recommendations. With a SidePak (TSI Inc., St. Paul, MN, USA), a scanning mobility particle sizer (TSI Inc.), and an AirAssure TM PM 2.5 Indoor Air Quality Monitor (TSI Inc.), which itself relies on a GP2Y1010AU0F sensor as reference instruments, six performance aspects were examined: linearity of response, precision of measurement, limit of detection, dependence on particle composition, dependence on particle size, and relative humidity and temperature influences. This work found that: (a) all three sensors demonstrated high linearity against SidePak measured concentrations, with R 2 values higher than 0.8914 in the particle concentration range of 0-1000 mg/m 3 , and the linearity depended on the studied range of particle concentrations; (b) the standard deviations of the sensors varied from 15 to 90 mg/m 3 for a concentration range of 0-1000 mg/m 3 ; (c) the outputs of all three sensors depended highly on particle composition and size, resulting in as high as 10 times difference in the sensor outputs; and (d) humidity affected the sensor response. This article provides further recommendations for applications of the three tested sensors.

show abstract

“…The harmful health effects can be attributed to the various contaminants present in incense smoke, including gaseous pollutants, such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO x ), sulfur oxides (SO x ) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) [4][5][6][7][8], and particulate matter (PM) and adsorbed toxic pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and toxic metals) [4,5,7,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] and composition, both of which are important factors in determining the effects of inhaled particles on human health [20]. In general, particles generated from combustion sources, for instance, incense burning, are submicron in size and contain a host of harmful compounds [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical characteristics of nanoparticles emitted from incense smoke

See

Balasubramanian

Joshi

2007

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Incense is habitually burned in various religious settings ranging from the Eastern temples to the Western churches and in residential homes of their devotees, representing one of the most significant sources of combustion-derived particulate matter in indoor air. Incense smoke has been known to be associated with adverse health effects, which could be due to the release of the submicron-sized particles, including ultrafine and nanoparticles. However, there is currently a lack of information available in the literature on the emission rates of particles from incense smoke in terms of their particle number, a metric generally regarded as a better indicator of health risks rather than the particle mass. In this study, real-time characterization of the size distribution and number concentration of sub-micrometer-sized particles (5.6-560 nm) emitted from incense smoke was made, for the first time, for four different brands of sandalwood and aloeswood incense sticks commonly used by different religious groups. In addition, the respective emission rates were determined on hourly and mass basis based on mass balance equations. The measurements showed that the particle emission rates ranged from 5.10 Â 10 12 to 1.42 Â 10 13 h À1 or 3.66 Â 10 12 to 1.23 Â 10 13 g À1 and that the peak diameters varied from 93.1 to 143.3 nm. Airborne particles in the nanometer range (5.6-50 nm), in the ultrafine range (50-100 nm) and in the accumulation mode range (100-560 nm) accounted for 1% to 6%, 16% to 55% and 40% to 60% of the total particle counts, respectively, depending on the brand of incense sticks. To assess the potential health threat due to inhalation of particles released from incense burning, the number of particles of different sizes that can be possibly deposited in the respiratory tract were evaluated for an exposed individual based on known deposition fractions in the literature. The findings indicate that incense smoke may pose adverse health effects depending on exposure duration and intensity. r

show abstract

Incense Smoke: Characterization and Dynamics in Indoor Environments

Cited by 97 publications

References 15 publications

Particle Size Distribution of Aromatic Incense Burning Products

Particle Size Distribution of Aromatic Incense Burning Products

Laboratory Evaluation and Calibration of Three Low-Cost Particle Sensors for Particulate Matter Measurement

Physical characteristics of nanoparticles emitted from incense smoke

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About