Incarceration of transvenous pacemaker electrode. Removal by traction

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“…[4][5][6][7] The old techniques of external traction using weights, pulleys, and adhesive tape had limited success and an abundance of serious complications. Until very recently, the only methods available for removing chronically implanted leads were traction or cardiac surgical procedures with or without a bypass.…”

Intravascular Lead Extractions: Tips and Tricks

“…To avoid these complications, prolonged graded traction has been introduced. Historically speaking Bilgutay et al [35] created a graded weight and pulley system to deliver gentle traction on the externalized portion of the lead. This system required prolonged hospitalization with bed rest, increased the risk of infection and was proven frequently unsuccessful.…”

Iatrogenic Cardiovascular Disease Secondary to Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures

“…Heavy traction on the electrode can result in arrhythmias, including bradycardias and ventricular tachycardia [81]. Although traction techniques to remove the electrode have been described [81], a thoracotomy may be necessary to remove the electrode when infection is present.…”

“…Although traction techniques to remove the electrode have been described [81], a thoracotomy may be necessary to remove the electrode when infection is present. Ventricular pacing is unphysiologic and can lead to hemodynamic compromise in patients with ventricular dysfunction, because the normally timed atrial contraction in these patients can contribute significantly to stroke volume and cardiac output.…”