Inbreeding Depression and Genetic Load in Laboratory Metapopulations of the Butterfly Bicyclus Anynana

Oosterhout, Cock van; Zijlstra, Wilte G.; Heuven, Marianne K. van; Brakefield, Paul M.

doi:10.1554/0014-3820(2000)054[0218:idagli]2.0.co;2

Cited by 38 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…A study on the cricket Gryllodes sigillatus (only males) found an 80% increase in RMR of inbred crickets over that in outcrossed individuals, along with a slight decrease in metabolic rate during forced exercise (79). Elevated levels of oxidative stress have been reported in inbred Drosophila males (80), and other studies have shown reduced lifespan in populations suffering from inbreeding or genetic load (81,82). Reduced mass-specific FMR combined with reduced mass of flight muscles go some way toward explaining the reduced flight activity of PT males in the population cage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High genetic load in an old isolated butterfly population

Mattila

Duplouy

Kirjokangas

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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We investigated inbreeding depression and genetic load in a small (N e ∼ 100) population of the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia), which has been completely isolated on a small island [Pikku Tytärsaari (PT)] in the Baltic Sea for at least 75 y. As a reference, we studied conspecific populations from the well-studied metapopulation in the Åland Islands (ÅL), 400 km away. A large population in Saaremaa, Estonia, was used as a reference for estimating genetic diversity and N e . We investigated 58 traits related to behavior, development, morphology, reproductive performance, and metabolism. The PT population exhibited high genetic load (L = 1 − W PT /W ÅL ) in a range of fitness-related traits including adult weight (L = 0.12), flight metabolic rate (L = 0.53), egg viability (L = 0.37), and lifetime production of eggs in an outdoor population cage (L = 0.70). These results imply extensive fixation of deleterious recessive mutations, supported by greatly reduced diversity in microsatellite markers and immediate recovery (heterosis) of egg viability and flight metabolic rate in crosses with other populations. There was no significant inbreeding depression in most traits due to one generation of full-sib mating. Resting metabolic rate was significantly elevated in PT males, which may be related to their short lifespan (L = 0.25). The demographic history and the effective size of the PT population place it in the part of the parameter space in which models predict mutation accumulation. This population exemplifies the increasingly common situation in fragmented landscapes, in which small and completely isolated populations are vulnerable to extinction due to high genetic load.fixation load | segregation load | hybrid vigor | persisting population | inbreeding avoidance

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High genetic load in an old isolated butterfly population

Mattila

Duplouy

Kirjokangas

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…In insects, inbreeding can reduce stress resistance (e.g., Armbruster and Reed 2005), increase susceptibility to parasitic infection (e.g., Stevens et al 1997), negatively affect life history traits such as fecundity (Takaka 1993, Roff 1998, and adult longevity (e.g., van Oosterhout et al 2000). In wild and laboratory populations of the mosquito Aedes geniculatus (Olivier), estimated net replacement rate was negatively affected by inbreeding across three populations (Armbruster et al 2000).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographic Variation in Adult Survival and Reproductive Tactics of the Mosquito Aedes albopictus

Leisnham¹,

Sala²,

Juliano

2008

Journal of Medical Entomology

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Climate differences across latitude can result in seasonal constraints and selection on life history characters. Since Aedes albopictus (Skuse) invaded North America in the mid-1980s, it has spread across a range of ≈14° latitude and populations in the north experience complete adult mortality due to cold winter temperatures that are absent in the south. Life table experiments were conducted to test for differences in the adult survival and reproductive schedules of Ae. albopictus females from two populations from the northern (Bloomington, IN [BL] and Manassas, VA [VA]; ≈39° N) and southern (Tampa, FL and Fort Myers, FL;(27)(28) extremes of the species distribution in North America. Regardless of population origin, age-specific hazard rate increased with reproductive output and decreased with number of bloodmeals. Larger females took fewer bloodmeals, and they had greater hazard rates than did smaller females. There were no consistent differences between northern versus southern populations in resource allocation between reproduction and maintenance, reproduction over time, and reproductive investment among offspring, suggesting that latitudinal variation in climate is probably not a main selective factor impinging on adult mortality and reproductive schedules. One possible effect of climate on geographic differences in life history was detected. BL had lower survivorship, lower lifetime reproductive output, and lower adult reproductive rate than did all other populations. This result may be an indirect result of lower egg survivorship due to the severity of winter in BL compared with other populations, including VA at approximately the same latitude. Such a scenario may make the BL population more prone to extinction, irregularly recolonized from more favorable sites, and thus more susceptible to founder effects, genetic drift, and inbreeding, resulting in lower mean values of fitness-related traits. Keywordslife history evolution; survival; fecundity; reproductive investmentThe Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), is considered medically important because it is a vector of arboviruses, including dengue, La Crosse encephalitis, and West Nile virus (Ibañez-Berñal et al. 1997, Gerhardt et al. 2001, Turell et al. 2005. Although its native range is centered on the Oriental region and India, Ae. albopictus has invaded North and South America, Europe, and Africa in the past two decades (see Juliano and Lounibos 2005, and references therein) to represent a "third wave" of worldwide spread of human disease-vector mosquitoes, after two prior waves by Aedes aegypti (L.) in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and Culex quinquefasciatus Say in the nineteenth century (Lounibos 2002 Of fundamental importance to the invasion and spread of an organism are the temporal patterns of reproduction and survival that make up its life history (Juliano and Lounibos 2005). In many instances, energy available to organisms is limiting; thus, trade-offs occur among traits when energy is partitioned among growth, ma...

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“…The low costs of inbreeding for fecundity and survival in S. lineatus suggest a relatively high tolerance to inbreeding at the level of full-sib matings. By contrast, comparable studies of other arthropods commonly demonstrate strong inbreeding depression in fecundity or survival (e.g., Ehiobu et al 1989;Pray and Goodnight 1995;Roff 1998;Van Oosterhout et al 2000;Keller and Waller 2002;Day et al 2003;Henter 2003;Radwan 2003).…”

Section: Inbreeding Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 95%

The Transition to Social Inbred Mating Systems in Spiders: Role of Inbreeding Tolerance in a Subsocial Predecessor

Bilde

Lubin

Smith³

et al. 2005

Evolution

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Abstract. The social spiders are unusual among cooperatively breeding animals in being highly inbred. In contrast, most other social organisms are outbred owing to inbreeding avoidance mechanisms. The social spiders appear to originate from solitary subsocial ancestors, implying a transition from outbreeding to inbreeding mating systems. Such a transition may be constrained by inbreeding avoidance tactics or fitness loss due to inbreeding depression. We examined whether the mating system of a subsocial spider, in a genus with three social congeners, is likely to facilitate or hinder the transition to inbreeding social systems. Populations of subsocial Stegodyphus lineatus are substructured and spiders occur in patches, which may consist of kin groups. We investigated whether male mating dispersal prevents matings within kin groups in natural populations. Approximately half of the marked males that were recovered made short moves (Ͻ 5m) and mated within their natal patch. This potential for inbreeding was counterbalanced by a relatively high proportion of immigrant males. In mating experiments, we tested whether inbreeding actually results in lower offspring fitness. Two levels of inbreeding were tested: full sibling versus non-sib matings and matings of individuals within and between naturally occurring patches of spiders. Neither full siblings nor patch mates were discriminated against as mates. Sibling matings had no effect on direct fitness traits such as fecundity, hatching success, time to hatching and survival of the offspring, but negatively affected offspring growth rates and adult body size of both males and females. Neither direct nor indirect fitness measures differed significantly between within patch and between-patch pairs. We tested the relatedness between patch mates and nonpatch mates using DNA fingerprinting (TE-AFLP). Kinship explained 30% of the genetic variation among patches, confirming that patches are often composed of kin. Overall, we found limited male dispersal, lack of kin discrimination, and tolerance to low levels of inbreeding. These results suggest a history of inbreeding which may reduce the frequency of deleterious recessive alleles in the population and promote the evolution of inbreeding tolerance. It is likely that the lack of inbreeding avoidance in subsocial predecessors has facilitated the transition to regular inbreeding social systems.

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Inbreeding Depression and Genetic Load in Laboratory Metapopulations of the Butterfly Bicyclus Anynana

Cited by 38 publications

References 36 publications

High genetic load in an old isolated butterfly population

High genetic load in an old isolated butterfly population

Geographic Variation in Adult Survival and Reproductive Tactics of the Mosquito Aedes albopictus

The Transition to Social Inbred Mating Systems in Spiders: Role of Inbreeding Tolerance in a Subsocial Predecessor

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